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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Headache Symptom/Sign: Headache Classifications and external resources ICD-10 R51. ICD-9 784.0 For other uses, see Headache disambiguation. A headache cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. It ranks amongst the most common local pain complaints and may be frequent for many people. The vast majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting. Common causes are tension, migraine, eye strain, dehydration, low blood sugar, and sinusitis. Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral aneurysms, extremely high blood pressure, and brain tumors. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident. A large percentage of headaches among women are caused by ever-fluctuating estrogen during menstrual years. This can occur prior to, or even during midcycle menstruation. Treatment of an uncomplicated headache is usually symptomatic with over-the-counter painkillers such as aspirin, paracetamol acetaminophen, or ibuprofen, although some specific forms of headaches e.g., migraines may demand other, more suitable treatment. It may be possible to relate the occurrence of a headache to other particular triggers such as stress or particular foods, which can then be avoided. Contents 1 Pathophysiology 2 Types 2.1 Vascular 2.2 Muscular/myogenic 2.3 Cervicogenic 2.4 Traction/inflammatory 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 4.1 Prevention 4.2 Manual therapy 5 References 6 External links Pathophysiology The brain in itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks nociceptors. Several areas of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extend over the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. The meninges and the blood vessels do have pain perception. Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, is innervated with nociceptors. Stimulation of these dural nociceptors is thought to be involved in producing headaches. Similarly the muscles of the head may be sensitive to pain. Types There are five types of headache: vascular, myogenic muscle tension, cervicogenic, traction, and inflammatory. Vascular Main article: vascular headache The most common type of vascular headache is migraine. Migraine headaches are usually characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head, an upset stomach, and, for some people, disturbed vision. It is more common in women. While vascular changes are evident during a migraine, the cause of the headache is neurologic, not vascular. After migraine, the most common type of vascular headache is the toxic headache produced by fever. Other kinds of vascular headaches include cluster headaches, which are very severe recurrent short lasting headaches, often located through or around either eye and often wake the sufferers up at the same time every night. Unlike migraines, these headaches are more common in men than in women. Muscular/myogenic Muscular or myogenic headaches appear to involve the tightening or tensing of facial and neck muscles; they may radiate to the forehead. Tension headache is the most common form of myogenic headache. Cervicogenic Cervicogenic headaches originate from disorders of the neck, including the anatomical structures innervated by the cervical roots C1-C3. Cervical headache is often precipitated by neck movement and/or sustained awkward head positioning. It is often accompanied by restricted cervical range of motion, ipsilateral neck, shoulder, or arm pain of a rather vague non-radicular nature or, occasionally, arm pain of a radicular nature. Traction/inflammatory Positron emission tomography functional imaging shows activation of specific brain areas during a cluster headache. Positron emission tomography functional imaging shows activation of specific brain areas during a cluster headache. Traction and inflammatory headaches are symptoms of other disorders, ranging from stroke to sinus infection. Specific types of headaches include: Tension headache Migraine Idiopathic intracranial hypertension headache with visual symptoms due to raised intracranial pressure Ictal headache Cluster headache Brain freeze also known as: ice cream headache Thunderclap headache Vascular headache Toxic headache Coital cephalalgia also known as: sex headache Hemicrania continua Rebound headache also called medication overuse headache, abbreviated MOH Red wine headache Spinal headache or: post-dural puncture headaches after lumbar puncture or related procedure that will lower the intracranial pressure Hangover caused by heavy alcohol consumption A headache may also be a symptom of sinusitis. Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as warning signals of more serious disorders. This is particularly true for headaches caused by inflammation, including those related to meningitis as well as those resulting from diseases of the sinuses, spine, neck, ears, and teeth. Diagnosis While, statistically, headaches are most likely to be harmless and self-limiting, some specific headache syndromes may demand specific treatment or may be warning signals of more serious disorders. Some headache subtypes are characterized by a specific pattern of symptoms, and no further testing may be necessary, while others may prompt further diagnostic tests. Headache associated with specific symptoms may warrant urgent medical attention, particularly sudden, severe headache or sudden headache associated with a stiff neck; headaches associated with fever, convulsions or accompanied by confusion or loss of consciousness; headaches following a blow to the head, or associated with pain in the eye or ear; persistent headache in a person with no previous history of headaches; and recurring headache in children. The most important step in diagnosing a headache is for the physician to take a careful history and to examine the patient. In the majority of cases the diagnosis will be a primary headache which means that the headache, whilst unpleasant is not an occurring as a manifestation of a more serious condition. The main types of primary headache are tension headache, migraine and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias of which cluster headache is an example. As it is often difficult for patients to recall the precise details regarding each headache, it is often useful for the sufferer to fill-out a headache diary detailing the characteristics of the headache. When the headache does not clearly fit into one of the recognized primary headache syndromes or when atypical symptoms or signs are present then further investigations are justified.1 Computed tomography CT/CAT scans of the brain or sinuses are commonly performed, or magnetic resonance imaging MRI in specific settings. Blood tests may help narrow down the differential diagnosis, but are rarely confirmatory of specific headache forms. Treatment Not all headaches require medical attention, and many respond with simple analgesia painkillers such as paracetamol/acetaminophen or members of the NSAID class such as aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid or ibuprofen. In recurrent unexplained headaches, healthcare professionals may recommend keeping a headache diary with entries on type of headache, associated symptoms, precipitating and aggravating factors. This may reveal specific patterns, such as an association with medication, menstruation or absenteeism or with certain foods. It was reported in March 2007 by two separate teams of researchers that stimulating the brain with implanted electrodes appears to help ease the pain of cluster headaches.2 Prevention Some forms of headache, such as migraine, may be amenable to preventative treatment. On the whole, long-term use of painkillers is discouraged as this may lead to rebound headaches on withdrawal. Caffeine, a vasoconstrictor, is sometimes prescribed or recommended as a remedy or supplement to pain killers in the case of extreme migraine. This has led to the development of paracetamol/caffeine analgesic. One popular herbal preventive treatment for migraines is Feverfew. Magnesium, Vitamin B2, and Coenzyme Q10 are natural supplements that have shown some efficacy for migraine prevention5.3 Manual therapy Manipulative therapies - practised by osteopaths osteopathic physicians in the US, chiropractors, some physiotherapists physical therapists in the US, and a few medical practitioners - has been shown in randomised controlled trials to reduce the symptoms associated with cervicogenic headache. Exercise prescriptions may also prove effective for some sufferers in combination with manual treatments.4 A 2002 study found that massage therapy targeted at neck and shoulder muscles reduced headache frequency and duration, starting in the first week and continuing through the eight-week study, though it did not find a change in headache intensity. The study authors concluded that the muscle-specific massage therapy technique they used has the potential to be a functional, nonpharmacological intervention for reducing the incidence of chronic tension headache.5 Serious complications from manual and manipulative therapies are reported to be extremely rare though benign, temporary side-effects are more common, suggesting that may be an important and relatively safe frontline treatment or co-treatment option for many people suffering from cervicogenic headache.6 References ^ Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, Tomlinson GA, McCrory DC, Booth CM. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA 2006;296:1274-83 ^ Brain Stimulation May Ease Headaches. Reuters, March 9, 2007. ^ Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache: Is there a role? Med Clin North Am 2001;854:1077-1084. PMID 11480259. ^ Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al September 2002. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine 27 17: 1835-43; discussion 1843. PMID 12221344. ^ Quinn C, Chandler C, Moraska A October 2002. Massage therapy and frequency of chronic tension headaches. Am J Public Health 92 10: 1657-61. PMID 12356617. PMC:1447303. . ^ Parkin-Smith GF 2004. The Potential Use of Manual and Manipulative Therapy for Chronic Headache. Headache Care 1 3: 215-219. doi:10.1185/174234304125004244. External links National Headache Foundation IHS - The International Headache Classification ICHD-2 v d e Symptoms and signs: general R50-R69, 780-789 Fever Hyperpyrexia - Fever of unknown origin Pain Headache - Chronic pain Malaise/Fatigue Asthenia - Debility Fainting/syncope Vasovagal syncope - Carotid sinus syncope - Heat syncope Ingestion food and fluid intake Anorexia, Polydipsia, Polyphagia - Cachexia - Xerostomia Anorexia/Weight loss Hemodynamic Shock: Cardiogenic - Hypovolemic - Distributive Septic, Neurogenic Edema: Peripheral edema - Anasarca Hyperaemia: Functional - Reactive Lymphadenopathy Underdevelopment Delayed milestone - Failure to thrive - Short stature Idiopathic Other Seizure Febrile seizure Hyperhidrosis Sleep hyperhidrosis Clubbing - Tenderness v d e Common cold Viruses Rhinovirus - Coronavirus - Human parainfluenza viruses - Human respiratory syncytial virus - Adenovirus - Enterovirus - Metapneumovirus Symptoms Pharyngitis - Rhinorrhea - Nasal congestion - Sneezing - Cough - Muscle aches - Fatigue - Malaise - Headache - Weakness - Loss of appetite Complications Acute bronchitis - Bronchiolitis - Croup - Pneumonia - Sinusitis - Otitis media - Strep throat Antiviral drugs Pleconaril experimental Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Headache Categories: Headaches | Neurological disorders | Symptoms Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Boarisch Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 29 August 2008, at 17:5
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