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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Herpesviridae Herpesviridae Virus classification Group: Group I dsDNA Family: Herpesviridae Genera Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Mardivirus Iltovirus Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Muromegalovirus Roseolovirus Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Rhadinovirus Unassigned Ictalurivirus The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.1 2 3 The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein to creep, referring to the latent, re-occurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections. Contents 1 Viral structure 2 Herpes virus life-cycle 3 Human herpesviridae infections 3.1 Zoonotic infections 4 Animal herpesviridae 5 Taxonomy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Viral structure Herpes viruses all share a common structure-all herpes viruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This particle is known as the virion. Herpes virus life-cycle All Herpes viruses are nuclear-replicating-the viral DNA is transcribed to RNA within the infected cell's nucleus. Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs. During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript LAT accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell and thus the host indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free. Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases e.g. Shingles. Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from latency-associated LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells. Human herpesviridae infections There are eight distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans.4 Human Herpesvirus HHV classification41 Type Synonym Subfamily Pathophysiology HHV-1 Herpes simplex virus-1 HSV-1 α Alpha Oral and/or genital herpes predominantly orofacial HHV-2 Herpes simplex virus-2 HSV-2 α Oral and/or genital herpes predominantly genital HHV-3 Varicella zoster virus VZV α Chickenpox and shingles HHV-4 Epstein-Barr virus EBV, lymphocryptovirus γ Gamma Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome PTLD, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia HHV-5 Cytomegalovirus CMV β Beta Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,5 retinitis, etc. HHV-6, -7 Roseolovirus β Sixth disease roseola infantum or exanthem subitum HHV-8 Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus KSHV, a type of rhadinovirus γ Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease Zoonotic infections In addition to the Herpes viruses considered endemic in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. These are zoonotic infections: Zoonotic Herpesviruses Species Type Synonym Subfamily Human Pathophysiology Macaque monkey CeHV-1 Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, Monkey B virus α Very unusual, with only approximately 25 human cases reported.6 Untreated infection is often deadly; sixteen of the 25 cases resulted in fatal encephalomyelitis. At least four cases resulted in survival with severe neurologic impairment.67 Symptom awareness and early treatment are important for laboratory workers facing exposure.8 Mouse MHV-68 Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 γ Zoonotic infection found in 4.5% of general population and more common in laboratory workers handling infected mice.9 ELISA tests show factor-of-four x4 false positive results, due to antibody cross-reaction with other Herpes viruses.9 Animal herpesviridae In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae. Research on pseudorabies virus PrV, the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.2 3 Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Genus Simplexvirus Bovine herpesvirus 2 causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, also known as Herpes B virus, causes a Herpes simplex-like disease in Macaques. Ateline herpesvirus 1, Spider monkey herpesvirus. Genus Varicellovirus Bovine herpesvirus 1 causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion in cattle. Bovine herpesvirus 5 causes encephalitis in cattle. Caprine herpesvirus 1 causes conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in goats. Porcine herpesvirus 1 causes pseudorabies. Equine herpesvirus 1 causes abortion in horses. Equine herpesvirus 3 causes coital exanthema in horses. Equine herpesvirus 4 causes rhinopneumonitis in horses. Canine herpesvirus 1 causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies. Feline herpesvirus 1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis and keratitis in cats. Duck herpesvirus 1 causes duck plague. Genus Mardivirus Gallid herpesvirus 2 causes Marek's disease. Gallid herpesvirus 3 GaHV-3 or MDV-2 Herpesvirus of turkeys HVT Genus Iltovirus Gallid herpesvirus 1 causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds. Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Porcine herpesvirus 2 causes inclusion body rhinitis in swine. Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Genus Rhadinovirus Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Bovine herpesvirus 4 Equine herpesvirus 2 causes equine cytomegalovirus infection. Equine herpesvirus 5 10 Taxonomy The following genera are included here: Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Genus Simplexvirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 1 or Herpes simplex; diseases: cold sores, genital herpes, encephalitis Genus Varicellovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 3 or Varicella-zoster virus; diseases: chickenpox, shingles Genus Mardivirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 2 Genus Iltovirus; type species: Gallid herpesvirus 1 Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Genus Cytomegalovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 5; diseases: mononucleosis Genus Muromegalovirus; type species: Murid herpesvirus 1 Genus Roseolovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 6; diseases: erythema subitum, roseola infantum Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Genus Lymphocryptovirus; type species: Human herpesvirus 4 or Epstein-Barr virus; diseases: mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease Genus Rhadinovirus; type species: Human Herpesvirus 8, Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 Unassigned Genus Cercopithecine; type species: Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 Genus Ictalurivirus; type species: Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 See also v d e Baltimore virus classification DNA I: dsDNA viruses Caudovirales Myoviridae - Podoviridae - Siphoviridae Ascoviridae - Adenoviridae - Asfarviridae - Baculoviridae - Coccolithoviridae - Corticoviridae - Fuselloviridae - Guttaviridae - Herpesviridae - Iridoviridae - Lipothrixviridae - Nimaviridae - Papillomaviridae - Phycodnaviridae - Plasmaviridae - Polyomaviridae - Poxviridae - Rudiviridae - Tectiviridae II: ssDNA viruses Circoviridae - Geminiviridae - Inoviridae - Microviridae - Nanoviridae - Parvoviridae RNA III: dsRNA viruses Birnaviridae - Chrysoviridae - Cystoviridae - Hypoviridae - Partitiviridae - Reoviridae - Totiviridae IV: +ssRNA viruses Nidovirales Arteriviridae - Coronaviridae - Roniviridae Astroviridae - Barnaviridae - Bromoviridae - Caliciviridae - Closteroviridae - Comoviridae - Dicistroviridae - Flaviviridae - Flexiviridae - Leviviridae - Luteoviridae - Marnaviridae - Narnaviridae - Nodaviridae - Picornaviridae - Potyviridae - Sequiviridae - Tetraviridae - Togaviridae - Tombusviridae - Tymoviridae V: -ssRNA viruses Mononegavirales Bornaviridae - Filoviridae - Paramyxoviridae - Rhabdoviridae Arenaviridae - Bunyaviridae - Orthomyxoviridae RT VI: ssRNA-RT viruses Metaviridae - Pseudoviridae - Retroviridae VII: dsDNA-RT viruses Hepadnaviridae - Caulimoviridae v d e Infectious diseases - Virus diseases A80-B34, 042-079 CNS Encephalitis/ meningitis DNA virus: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis unknown: Encephalitis lethargica Eye DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus retinitis Other RNA virus: Rabies - Myelitis: Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome - Tropical spastic paraparesis Skin and mucous membrane lesions DNA virus, Herpesviridae: Herpes simplex - Chickenpox - Herpes zoster - KSHV DNA virus, other: Poxviridae Smallpox, Monkeypox, Cowpox, Vaccinia, Molluscum contagiosum - exanthem Roseola, Fifth disease - HPV Wart RNA virus: exanthem Measles, Rubella - picornavirus Hand, foot and mouth disease, Foot-and-mouth disease Digestive system Hepatitis DNA virus: B RNA virus: A - D - C - E - G Gastroenteritis DNA virus: Adenovirus RNA virus: Rotavirus - Norovirus - Astrovirus - Coronavirus Respiratory system RNA virus, IV: Acute viral nasopharyngitis - Severe acute respiratory syndrome RNA virus, V: Influenza/Avian influenza - Human parainfluenza viruses - RSV - hMPV Other/varied: Infectious mononucleosis - Viral pneumonia Sexually transmitted DNA virus: HPV Genital warts, Cervical cancer RNA virus, retrovirus: HIV AIDS, AIDS dementia complex - Adult T-cell leukemia Oncovirus DNA virus: Hepatitis B - HPV - Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RNA virus: Hepatitis C - HTLV Systemic DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus RNA virus: Mumps - Bornholm disease - Coxsackie B v d e Other virus topics Table of clinically important viruses, Bacteriophage, Virus cancer link, Laboratory diagnosis of virus, Antiviral drug, Neurotropic virus, Oncovirus References ^ a b Ryan KJ; Ray CG ors 2004. Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299. ^ a b Mettenleiter et al 2008. Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses, Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. ^ a b Sandri-Goldin RM or. 2006. Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7 . ^ a b Whitley RJ 1996. Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology Baron S et al, eds., 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. ^ Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, Van Esbroeck M, Colebunders R, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J 2006. Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics.. J Travel Med 13 4: 191-7. PMID 16884400. ^ a b Weigler BJ 1992 Feb. Biology of B virus in macaque and human hosts: a review. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 14 2: 555-67. PMID 1313312. ^ Huff J, Barry P 2003. B-virus Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease. Emerg Infect Dis 9 2: 246-50. PMID 12603998. ^ Herpes-B Fact Sheet ^ a b Hricova M, Mistrikova J 2007. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 serum antibodies in general human population. Acta virologica 51 4: 283-7. PMID 18197737. ^ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. 1993. Veterinary Virology 2nd ed.. Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X. External links International Herpes Management Forum http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/bvirus.pdf PDF Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus http://www.gsu.edu/bvirus National B Virus Resource Center Animal viruses Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Herpesviridae Categories: Viruses | Herpesviruses | Animal virology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 August 2008, at 14:33
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