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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Hypodermic needle This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. June 2008 For the theory on mass media effects, see Hypodermic needle model. Hypodermic redirects here. For the song by The Offspring, see Ignition album. Different bevels on hypodermic needles. Different bevels on hypodermic needles. Syringe on left, hypodermic needle with attached color-coded Luer-Loktm connector on right. Syringe on left, hypodermic needle with attached color-coded Luer-Loktm connector on right. A hypodermic needle is a hollow needle commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body. They may also be used to take liquid samples from the body, for example taking blood from a vein in venipuncture. A hypodermic needle is used for instant delivery of a drug, or when the injected substance cannot be ingested, either because it would not be absorbed as with insulin, or because it would harm the liver as with testosterone. There are many possible routes for an injection. Contents 1 Single use hypodermics 2 Manufacture 3 Needle gauge 4 Non-specialist use 5 Industrial use 6 Phobia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Single use hypodermics Virtually all current hypodermic needles and their associated syringes are designed for single use because they are hard to decontaminate and need sharpening after repeat use. Re-using or sharing needles can transmit many blood-borne diseases, including HIV and hepatitis C. Needles are normally used only once and disposed of in a sharps container. This is has been true for decades in the industrialized West, but in developing countries, such as in most of Africa, needles are often reused - and sharpened and sterilized between uses. This means that such needles become a common route of infection, for AIDS and other diseases. The first non-African AIDS patient - and the first whose name is known - was Grethe Rask, a Danish surgeon in a rural hospital in Zaire in 1976. In this hospital, throwaway needles and gloves were a fantasy: needles and gloves were reused until obviously unusable. Although she was skilled in sterile procedure, she was often splashed with blood and other body fluids and may have accidentally suffered a needle-stick injury. Her story is told in Chapter 1 of And the Band Played On, by Randy Shilts. Single-use syringes, which have automatic mechanisms to prevent reuse, have been developed to stop the spread of disease in medical settings, examples of which include medical-personnel exposure and immunizations.1 One type is a pre-filled plastic blister with a hypodermic needle attached via a one-way valve.2 Manufacture Hypodermic needles are normally made from a stainless-steel tube drawn through progressively smaller dies to make the needle. The end is bevelled to create a sharp pointed tip. This lets the needle easily penetrate the skin. When a hypodermic needle is inserted, the bevel should be facing upwards. Needle gauge The diameter of the needle is indicated by the needle gauge. Various needle lengths are available for any given gauge. There are a number of systems for gauging needles, including the Stubs Needle Gauge, and the French Catheter Scale. Needles in common medical use range from 7 gauge the largest to 33 the smallest on the Stubs scale. Twenty-one-gauge needles are most commonly used for drawing blood for testing purposes, and sixteen- or seventeen-gauge needles are most commonly used for blood donation, as they are large enough to allow red blood cells to pass through the needle without rupturing this also allows more blood to be collected in a shorter amount of time. Smaller-gauge needles will rupture the red blood cells, and if this occurs, the blood is useless for the patient that is receiving it. Although reusable needles remain useful for some scientific applications, disposable needles are far more common in medicine. Disposable needles are embedded in a plastic or aluminium hub that attaches to the syringe barrel by means of a press-fit Luer-Sliptm or twist-on Luer-Loktm fitting. Non-specialist use Hypodermic needles are usually used by medical professionals - physicians, nurses, paramedics - but they are sometimes used by patients themselves. This is most common with type one diabetics, who may require several insulin injections a day. It also occurs with patients who have asthma or other severe allergies. Such patients may need to take desensitization injections; or they may need to carry injectable medicines to use for first aid in case of a severe allergic reaction. Such patients often carry a syringe loaded with epinephrine e.g. EpiPen; some also carry syringes loaded with Benadryl and Decadron. The rapid injection of these drugs may stop a severe allergic reaction, prevent anaphylactic shock, and make an emergency room trip unnecessary, although it may be disconcerting to spectators. Hypodermic needles are also used illicitly in recreational intravenous drug use, for this reason it is illegal in many jurisdictions to possess used or unused needles without an approved medical reason. Industrial use Disposable plastic syringes equipped with unbeveled blunt-tip Luer-Loktm or Luer-Sliptm needles are often used in industry to apply precise amounts of lubricants, adhesives, and various other liquids and pastes. Phobia Main article: Trypanophobia It is estimated that about 10% of the adult population may have a phobia of needles trypanophobia, and it is much more common in children.citation needed There is some basis for this phobia, because not all medical personnel have the necessary skill with hypodermic needles. This is particularly with intravenous uses, where incorrect insertion may easily damage the vein. It is not unusual for a nurse or doctor to take several tries to start an IV; a dozen tries is not unknown. Typically, a large hospital has one deadeye - usually, a pediatric anesthesiologist - who can put needles in tiny or contracted veins, but this person is not always available.citation needed See also cannula catheter intravenous therapy needle biopsy needle gauge comparison chart needle remover Tuohy needle References ^ DEADLY NEEDLES / Fast Track to Global Disaster ^ PATH: Uniject device How do they get the hole through a hypodermic needle? at The Straight Dope. External links The Needle Phobia Information Site Needle Phobia and Dental Injections Drilled Rolled End Surgical Suture Needles Victor - G. India, Information site on Hypodermic Needles Hypodermic Productions: Because mediocrity is not excellence! Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle Categories: Medical equipmentHidden categories: Articles with statements since June 2008 | All articles with statements Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska This page was last modified on 17 August 2008, at 00:47
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