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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Kleptomania Kleptomania Classification and external resources ICD-10 F63.2 ICD-9 312.32 Kleptomania Greek: κλÎπτειν, kleptein, to steal, μανία, mania is an inability or great difficulty in resisting impulses of stealing. People with this disorder are compelled to steal things, generally things of little or no value, such as pens, paper clips, tape, small toys, or packets of sugar or sachets of honey. Some may not be aware that they have committed the theft. Kleptomania was first officially recognized in the US as a mental disorder in the 1960s in the case of the state of California v. Douglas Jones. Kleptomania is distinguished from shoplifting or ordinary theft, as shoplifters and thieves generally steal for monetary value, or associated gains and usually display intent or premation, while people with kleptomania are not necessarily contemplating the value of the items they steal or even the theft until they are compelled. Of all reported shoplifting, only 1% are actually kleptomaniacs.citation needed This disorder usually begins during puberty and usually lasts until late adulthood. In some cases, the disorder may never stop and lasts throughout the person's life. People with this disorder are likely to have a comorbid condition, specifically paranoid, schizoid or borderline personality disorder.1 Kleptomania can occur after traumatic brain injury and carbon monoxide poisoning.23 Kleptomania is usually thought of as part of the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum, although emerging evidence suggests that it may be more similar to addictive and mood disorders. In particular, this disorder is frequently co-morbid with substance use disorders, and it is common for individuals with kleptomania to have first-degree relatives who suffer from a substance use disorder.4 Contents 1 Diagnosis 2 Treatments 3 Relationship to OCD 4 References Diagnosis The DSM-IV-TR lists the following five criteria for kleptomania: Recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value. Increasing sense of tension immediately before committing the theft. Pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing the theft. The stealing is not committed to express anger or revenge and is not in response to a delusion or a hallucination. The stealing is not better accounted for by conduct disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder. Treatments Kleptomania has several different treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is recommended as an adjuvant to medication. Some medications that are used for people diagnosed with kleptomania are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers and opioid antagonists.5 The only open-trial of medication for kleptomania showed naltrexone significantly reduced the intensity of urges to steal, stealing thoughts and stealing behavior.6 A similar three year follow-up of patients treated only with naltrexone showed a clinically significant reduction in kleptomanic behavior.7 Doctors in the US have been treating diagnosed kleptomaniacs with mood-altering drugs such as Prozac and Seroxat, on the presumption that it could be triggered by changes in the levels of serotonin in the brain, which is what they think happens in depression. Psychological counselling, to get at the underlying causes of unhappiness, is more likely to effect a long-term cure. Discussing the disorders with others with the same condition was also noted to help.. Relationship to OCD Kleptomania is often thought of being a part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, since the irresistible and uncontrollable actions are similar to the frequently excessive, unnecessary and unwanted rituals of OCD. Some individuals with kleptomania demonstrate hoarding symptoms that resemble those with OCD.8. Prevalence rates between the two disorders do not demonstrate a strong relationship. Studies examining the comorbidity of OCD in subjects with kleptomania have inconsistent results, with some showing a relatively high co-occurrence 45%-60%910 while others demonstrate low rates 0%-6.5%.1112 Similarly, when rates of kleptomania have been examined in subjects with OCD, a relatively low co-occurrence was found2.2%-5.9%.13 6 References ^ Grant JE 2004. Co-occurrence of personality disorders in persons with kleptomania: a preliminary investigation. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law 32 4: 395-8. PMID 15704625. ^ Aizer A, Lowengrub K, Dannon PN 2004. Kleptomania after head trauma: two case reports and combination treatment strategies. Clinical neuropharmacology 27 5: 211-5. PMID 15602100. ^ Gürlek Yüksel E, TaÅŸkin EO, Yilmaz Ovali G, Karaçam M, Esen Danaci A 2007. Case report: kleptomania and other psychiatric symptoms after carbon monoxide intoxication in Turkish. Türk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry 18 1: 80-6. PMID 17364271. Full text available. ^ Grant JE 2006. Understanding and treating kleptomania: new models and new treatments. The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences 43 2: 81-7. PMID 16910369. Full text PDF ^ Dannon PN, Aizer A, Lowengrub K, 2006: Kleptomania: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities. Current Psychiatry Reviews. 22 281-283. ^ a b Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Matsui T, Oya K, Okino K, Stein DJ 2005. Impulsive disorders in Japanese adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 46 1: 43-9. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.001. PMID 15714194. ^ Grant JE 2005. Outcome study of kleptomania patients treated with naltrexone: a chart review. Clinical neuropharmacology 28 1: 11-4. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000150868.06512.0b. PMID 15711433. ^ Grant JE, Kim SW 2002. Clinical characteristics and associated psychopathology of 22 patients with kleptomania. Comprehensive psychiatry 43 5: 378-84. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.34628. PMID 12216013. ^ Presta S, Marazziti D, Dell'Osso L, Pfanner C, Pallanti S, Cassano GB 2002. Kleptomania: clinical features and comorbidity in an Italian sample. Comprehensive psychiatry 43 1: 7-12. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.29851. PMID 11788913. ^ McElroy SL, Pope HG, Hudson JI, Keck PE, White KL 1991. Kleptomania: a report of 20 cases. The American journal of psychiatry 148 5: 652-7. PMID 2018170. ^ Baylé FJ, Caci H, Millet B, Richa S, Olié JP 2003. Psychopathology and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in patients with kleptomania. The American journal of psychiatry 160 8: 1509-13. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1509. PMID 12900315. Full text available ^ Grant JE 2003. Family history and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with kleptomania. Comprehensive psychiatry 44 6: 437-41. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X0300150-0. PMID 14610719. ^ Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, Versiani M, 2005 Impulse control disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. 59:30-37. v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Kleptomania Categories: Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD | Abnormal psychologyHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 18:30
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