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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Methylphenidate Vitamin R redirects here. For the Chevelle song, see Vitamin R Leading Us Along. Methylphenidate Systematic IUPAC name methyl alpha-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate Identifiers CAS number 113-45-1 ATC code N06BA04 PubChem 4158 DrugBank APRD00657 Chemical data Formula C14H19NO2 Mol. mass 233.31 g/mol SMILES eMolecules PubChem Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 11-52% Protein binding 30% Metabolism Liver Half life 2-4 hours Excretion Urine Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. C Legal status Controlled S8AU Schedule IIICA Class BUK Schedule IIUS Routes Oral, Transdermal, IV, Nasal Indicated for: ADD ADHD narcolepsy Other uses: treatment-resistant depression appetite suppressant antidepressant augmentation Contraindications: Use of tricyclic antidepressants e.g. desipramine, as methylphenidate may dangerously increase their plasma concentrations, leading to potential toxic reactions mainly, cardiovascular effects. Use of MAO Inhibitors, such as phenelzine Nardil or tranylcypromine Parnate, and certain other drugs. methylphenidate should not be given to patients who suffer from the following conditions: Severe Arrhythmia, Hypertension or Liver damage. Drug-seeking behaviour Pronounced agitation or nervousness. Other side effects include drowsiness, and mood swings Side effects:12 Atypical sensations: Cardiovascular: Arrhythmia or increase in blood pressure Ear, nose, and throat: Endocrinal: Appetite loss Eye: Blurred vision Gastrointestinal: Nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain Hematological: Musculoskeletal: Muscle twitches Neurological: Insomnia, drowsiness, dizziness, headache Psychological: Psychosis abnormal thoughts or hallucinations Nervousness Euphoria Respiratory: Increased respiration rate Skin: Urogenital and reproductive: Miscellaneous: Fever Methylphenidate MPH is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. It is also one of the primary drugs used to treat the daytime drowsiness symptoms of narcolepsy and chronic fatigue syndrome. The drug is seeing early use to treat cancer-related fatigue.3 Brand names of drugs that contain methylphenidate include Ritalin Ritalina, Rilatine, Attenta, Methylin, Penid, Rubifen; and the sustained release tablets Concerta, Metadate CD, Methylin ER, Ritalin LA, and Ritalin-SR. Focalin is a preparation containing only dextro-methylphenidate, rather than the usual racemic dextro- and levo-methylphenidate mixture of other formulations. A newer way of taking methylphenidate is by using a transdermal patch under the brand name Daytrana, similar to those used for hormone replacement therapy, nicotine release and pain relief fentanyl. Contents 1 History 2 Indications 3 Pharmacology 3.1 Mode of action 3.2 Side effects 3.2.1 Known or suspected risks to health 3.3 Scheduling and abuse potential 4 Delivery formulations 4.1 Tablet 4.2 Capsules 4.3 Patches 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Methylphenidate or ritalin was patented in 1954 by the CIBA pharmaceutical company now Novartis as a potential cure for Mohr's disease.citation needed Beginning in the 1960s, it was used to treat children with ADHD or ADD, known at the time as hyperactivity or minimal brain dysfunction MBD. Today methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed medication to treat ADHD around the world.citation needed Production and prescription of methylphenidate rose significantly in the 1990s, especially in the United States, as the ADHD diagnosis came to be better understood and more generally accepted within the medical and mental health communities.4 Most brand-name Ritalin is produced in the United States, and methylphenidate is produced in the United States, Mexico, Argentina and Pakistan. Other generic forms, such as methylin, are produced by several U.S. pharmaceutical companies. Ritalin is also sold in the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries although in much lower volumes than in the United States. These generic versions of methylphenidate tend to outsell brand-name Ritalin four to one.citation needed In Belgium the product is sold under the name Rilatine. Another medicine is Concerta, a once-daily extended-release form of methylphenidate, which was approved in April 2000. Studies have demonstrated that long-acting methylphenidate preparations such as Concerta are just as effective, if not more effective, than IR instant release formulas.5678 Time-release medications are also harder to misuse. In April 2006, the FDA approved a transdermal patch for the treatment of ADHD called Daytrana.9 Indications Methylphenidate 10 mg Tablet Mallinckrodt Methylphenidate 10 mg Tablet Mallinckrodt Methylphenidate is a central nervous system CNS stimulant,101112 reducing impulsive behavior, and facilitating concentration on work and other tasks. Adults who have ADHD often report that methylphenidate increases their ability to focus on tasks and organize their lives. Methylphenidate has been found to have a lower incidence of side effects than dextroamphetamine, a less commonly prescribed medication.13 When prescribed at the correct dosage, methylphenidate is usually well tolerated by patients.5 A 2006 review assessing the safety of methylphenidate on the developing brain found that in animals with psychomotor impairments, structural and functional parameters of the dopamine system were improved with treatment.14 This indicates that in subjects with ADHD, methylphenidate treatment may positively support brain development. Pharmacology Methylphenidate has binding affinity for both the dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter, with the D-isomer displaying a prominent affinity for the latter. Both the dextro- and levorotary isomers displayed receptor affinity for the serotonergic 5HT1A and 5HT2B subtypes, though direct binding to the serotonin transporter was not observed.15 The isomeric profiles and relative usefulness of dextro- and levo-methylphenidate is analogous to what is found in amphetamine, where dextro-amphetamine is considered to have a more beneficial effect than levo-amphetamine.citation needed Mode of action The means by which methylphenidate affects people diagnosed with ADHD are not well understood. Some researchers have theorized that ADHD is caused by a dopamine imbalance in the brains of those affected. Methylphenidate is a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which means that it increases the level of the dopamine neurotransmitter in the brain by partially blocking the dopamine transporter DAT that removes dopamine from the synapses.16 This inhibition of DAT blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron, increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. It also stimulates the release of dopamine and norepinephrine into the synapse. Finally, it increases the magnitude of dopamine release after a stimulus, increasing the salience of stimulus. The stimulants do not work paradoxically. They stimulate portions of the brain that are underactive by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine in the striatum and prefontal cortex. An alternate explanation which has been explored is that the methylphenidate affects the action of serotonin in the brain.17 Side effects Reported methylphenidate abuse side effects include psychosis abnormal thinking or hallucinations, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, mood changes, nervousness, stomach aches, diarrhea, headaches, decreased sex drive, lack of hunger leading to weight loss, gum and skin bleeding and dry mouth.18 Less common side effects include palpitations, high blood pressure and tachycardia.citation needed Known or suspected risks to health Researchers have also looked into the role of methylphenidate in affecting stature, with some studies finding slight decreases in height acceleration.19 Other studies indicate height may normalize by adolescence.2021 In a 2005 study, only minimal effects on growth in height and weight were observed after 2 years of treatment. No clinically significant effects on vital signs or laboratory test parameters were observed.22 A 2003 study tested the effects of d-methylphenidate Focalin, l-methylphenidate, and d, l-methylphenidate Ritalin on mice to search for any carcinogenic effects. The researchers found that all three compounds were non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic; d-MPH, d, l-MPH, and l-MPH did not cause mutations or chromosomal aberrations. They concluded that none of the compounds present a carcinogenic risk to humans.23 In February 2005, a team of researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center led by R.A. El-Zein announced that a study of 12 children indicated that methylphenidate may be carcinogenic. In the study, 12 children were given standard therapeutic doses of methylphenidate. At the conclusion of the 3-month study, all 12 children displayed significant treatment-induced chromosomal aberrations. The researchers indicated that their study was relatively small and their results needed to be reproduced in a bigger population for a definitive conclusion about the genotoxicity of methylphenidate to be drawn.24 In response to the El-Zein study published in 2005, a team of six scientists from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany began a more in-depth study. They sought to respond to the challenge noted above to attempt to replicate the results of El-Zein et al. in a larger study. Their paper was completed in 2006 and published in 2007 in Environmental Health Perspectives EHP, the peer-reviewed journal of the United States' National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. This study used a larger cohort and a longer period of follow-up and included a small group of long-term users, but otherwise used what researchers believed to be an identical methodology to that used by El-Zein et al. They note that El-Zein et al. published a short study report and did not publish detailed descriptions of methodology. After follow-ups at six months, the researchers found no evidence that methylphenidate might cause cancer, stating the concern regarding a potential increase in the risk of developing cancer later in life after long-term MPH treatment is not supported.25 The effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment on the developing brains of children with ADHD is the subject of study and debate.2627 Although the safety profile of short-term methylphenidate therapy in clinical trials has been well established, repeated use of psychostimulants such as methylphenidate is less clear. The use of ADHD medication in children under the age of 6 has not been studied. Severe hallucinations may occur. ADHD symptoms include hyperactivity and difficulty holding still and following directions; these are also characteristics of a typical child under the age of 6. For this reason it may be more difficult to diagnose young children, and caution should be used with this age group.28 On March 22, 2006 the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee decided that medications using methylphenidate ingredients do not need black box warnings about their risks, noting that for normal children, these drugs do not appear to pose an obvious cardiovascular risk.29 Previously, 19 possible cases had been reported of Cardiac arrest linked to children taking methylphenidate30 and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee to the FDA recommend a black-box warning in 2006 for stimulant drugs used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.31 According to a small study conducted by the Society of Nuclear Medicine, the use of methylphenidate in certain individuals for reasons outside of its intended clinical applications may adversely affect cognitive performance. Specifically, methylphenidate positively affected brain glucose metabolism in subjects who performed well at baseline on an accuracy-controlled cognitive task, but caused further deterioration of mental processing in subjects who performed poorly at baseline. In other words, certain individuals without ADHD who take the drug to enhance concentration and focus may inadvertently make things worse.32 However, in a paper published in Biological Psychiatry June 24, 2008 online, researchers report that methylphenidate fine-tunes the functioning of neurons in the prefrontal cortex - a brain region involved in attention, decision-making and impulse control - while having few effects outside it. The team studied PFC neurons in rats under a variety of methylphenidate doses, including one that improved the animals' performance in a working memory task of the type that ADHD patients have trouble completing. Using microelectrodes, the scientists observed both the random, spontaneous firings of PFC neurons and their response to stimulation of the hippocampus. When they listened to individual PFC neurons, the scientists found that while cognition-enhancing doses of methylphenidate had little effect on spontaneous activity, the neurons' sensitivity to signals coming from the hippocampus increased dramatically. Under higher, stimulatory doses, on the other hand, PFC neurons stopped responding to incoming information.33 Scheduling and abuse potential In the United States, methylphenidate is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance, the designation used for substances that have a recognized medical value but present a high likelihood for abuse because of their addictive potential. Internationally, methylphenidate is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.34 Methylphenidate has been used illegally by students for whom the drug has not been prescribed, to assist with coursework and examinations.35 Delivery formulations Ritalin 10mg Pill Ciba/Novartis Ritalin 10mg Pill Ciba/Novartis All media are in milligrams. Tablet Ritalin: 5, 10 or 20mg tablets. Ritalin SR: 20mg controlled-release tablets. Attenta: 10mg tablets. Methylin: 5, 10 or 20mg tablets. Methylin ER: 10 and 20mg controlled-release tablets. Metadate ER: 10 and 20mg controlled-release tablets. Concerta: 18, 27, 36 and 54mg controlled-release tablets. 36 goes off patent in 201837 Equasym: 5, 10, 20 or 30mg tablets. Rubifen: 5, 10 or 20mg tablets. Capsules Ritalin LA: 10, 20, 30 or 40mg controlled-release capsules. Metadate CD: 10, 20, 30, 40 or 60mg controlled-release capsules. Patches Daytrana 10, 15, 20 or 30mg controlled-release patches. Criticism Main article: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies A Japanese Bottle Of Ritalin A Japanese Bottle Of Ritalin Methylphenidate is frequently used in the treatment for ADHD, and as such criticism of the drug is typically related to the controversy about ADHD. Generally criticism of methylphenidate revolves around the alleged or established side effects. There are also concerns about illicit use of the drug and the ethics of giving psychotropic drugs to children to reduce ADHD symptoms.38 Others wonder if the medication is a gateway drug to substance abuse although this contention has been discred.3940 According to an article in the Los Angeles Times, the uproar over Ritalin was triggered almost single-handedly by the Scientology movement.41 The Citizens Commission on Human Rights, an antipsychiatry group associated with Scientology, conducted a major campaign against Ritalin in the 1980s and lobbied Congress for an investigation of Ritalin.41 See also Ethylphenidate Psychoactive drug Stimulant Amphetamine Methamphetamine Benzedrine Controversy about ADHD Pemoline References ^ Methylphenidate - Oral Ritalin side effects, medical uses and drug interactions. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. ^ Ritalin methylphenidate Side Effects and Abuse. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. ^ An Old Drug May Give Cancer Patients a Lift, ACS News Center, American Cancer Society 2002-01-24. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. ^ News from DEA, Congressional Testimony, 05/16/00. Retrieved on 2007-11-02. ^ a b Steele, M., et al. 2006. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial of OROS-methylphenidate compared to usual care with immediate-release methylphenidate in Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity DisorderPDF 293 KB. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Winter;131:e50-62. ^ Pelham, W.E., et al. 2001. Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics. 2001 Jun;1076:E105. ^ Keating, G.M., McClellan, K., Jarvis, B. 2001. Methylphenidate OROS formulation. CNS Drugs. 2001;156:495-500; discussion 501-3. ^ Hoare, P., et al. 2005. 12-month efficacy and safety of OROS methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder switched from MPHPDF. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;146:305-9. ^ Peck, P. 2006, 7 April. FDA Approves Daytrana Transdermal Patch for ADHD. MedPage today. Retrieved April 7, 2006, from http://www.medpagetoday.com/ProductAlert/Prescriptions/tb/3027. ^ Fone KC; Nutt DJ. Feb 2005. Stimulants: use and abuse in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Current opinion in pharmacology. 5 1: 87-93. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.10.001. PMID 15661631. ^ Sharma RP; Javaid JI, Pandey GN, Easton M, Davis JM. Apr 1990. Pharmacological effects of methylphenidate on plasma homovanillic acid and growth hormone.. Psychiatry research. 32 1: 9-17. doi:10.1016/0165-17819090130-W. PMID 2190251. ^ Shults T; Kownacki AA, Woods WE, Valentine R, Dougherty J, Tobin T. May 1981. Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of methylphenidate in Thoroughbred horses.. American journal of veterinary research. 42 5: 722-6. PMID 7258793. ^ Barbaresi, W.J., et al. 2006. Long-Term Stimulant Medication Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Population-Based Study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006 Feb;271:1-10. ^ Grund T., et al. Influence of methylphenidate on brain development - an update of recent animal experiments, Behav Brain Funct. 2006 January 10;2:2. ^ Markowitz JS et al. 2006. A Comprehensive In Vitro Screening of d-, l-, and dl-threo-Methylphenidate: An Exploratory Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006 Dec;166:687-98. ^ Volkow N., et al. 1998. Dopamine Transporter Occupancies in the Human Brain Induced by Therapeutic Doses of Oral Methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 155:1325-1331, October 1998. ^ Gainetdinov, Raul R.; Caron, Marc G. March 2001. Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XXIV. ADHD, Part 8: Hyperdopaminergic Mice as an Animal Model of ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 40 3: 380-382. Retrieved on 2006-11-11. ^ Concerta: Benefits and Side Effects ^ Rao J.K., Julius J.R., Breen T.J., Blethen S.L. 1996. Response to growth hormone in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate and pemoline therapy. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102 2 Pt 3:497-500. ^ Spencer, T.J., et al. 1996.Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;3511:1460-9. ^ Klein R.G. Mannuzza S. 1988. Hyperactive boys almost grown up. III. Methylphenidate effects on ultimate height. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Dec;4512:1131-4. ^ Wilens, T., et al. 2005. ADHD treatment with once-daily OROS methylphenidate: final results from a long-term open-label study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;4410:1015-23. ^ Teo, S.K., et al. 2003. D-Methylphenidate is non-genotoxic in vitro and in vivo assays. Mutat Res. 2003 May 9;5371:67-79. ^ El-Zein R.A., et al. 2005. Cytogenetic effects in children treated with methylphenidate. Cancer Lett. 2005 December 18;2302:284-91. ^ Walitza, Susanne June 2007. Does Methylphenidate Cause a Cytogenetic Effect in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?. Environmental Health Perspectives 115 6: 936-940. doi:10.1289/ehp.9866. ^ ADHD Women's Health - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder National Women's Health Report February 2003. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Although methylphenidate is perhaps one of the best-studied drugs available, with thousands of studies attesting to its longterm safety over the past 50 years, that hasn't stopped critics from raising alarms about the drug's long-term use on children's developing brains, particularly given research that finds the numbers of children taking the drug skyrocketing in recent years. ^ Nonpharmacological Interventions for Preschoolers With ADHD: The Case for Specialized Parent Training PDF . Infants Young Children 19 2: 142-153. While most recent studies suggest that methylphenidate is relatively well-tolerated by young children, some suggest that side effects might be more marked in preschoolers than in school-aged children Firestone, Musten, Pisterman, Mercer, Bennett, 1998. Furthermore, some researchers have argued that there is the potential for negative long-term effects on the developing brains of young children chronically medicated Moll, Rothenberger, Ruther, Huther, 2002. ^ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD ^ Minutes of the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee. March 22, 2006. ^ New Scientist 18 February 2006 ^ Minutes of the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee, March 22, 2006 ^ Popular Stimulant's Role In Brain Function Deterioration Is Cause For Concern, According To Researchers ^ Study Uncovers How Ritalin Works in Brain to Boost Cognition, Focus Attention Newswise, Retrieved on June 24, 2008. ^ Green List: Annex to the annual statistical report on psychotropic substances form PPDF 1.63 MB 23rd ion. August 2003. International Narcotics Board, Vienna International Centre. Accessed 2 March 2006 ^ Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. More students abusing hyperactivity drugs. ^ Full Prescribing Information for Concerta. 215 KiB ^ Generic Concerta ^ Lakhan SE; Hagger-Johnson G. The impact of prescribed psychotropics on youth. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2007;321. ^ Wilens, T.E.., et al. 2003. Does Stimulant Therapy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Beget Later Substance Abuse? A Meta-analytic Review of the Literature. PEDIATRICS. 2003 Vol. 111 No. 1:pp. 179-185 ^ Russell A. Barkley, PhD,et al. 2003. Does the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Stimulants Contribute to Drug Use/Abuse? A 13-Year Prospective Study. PEDIATRICS. 2003 Vol. 111 No. 1: pp. 97-109 ^ a b Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. 1990-06-29. Suits, Protests Fuel a Campaign Against Psychiatry, Los Angeles Times, p. A48:1. Retrieved on 2006-11-29. Backup copy link here External links Department of Energy 1998 September 29 press release on Ritalin at Brookhaven National Laboratory www.Erowid.org Online library of psychoactive plants, chemicals and related topics from Erowid.org www.HarmReduction.org A coalition of harm reduction advocates with resources and insightful help for those dealing with drug issues as well as those trying to provide help. www.DanceSafe.org A community-driven information project from the rave culture. Ritalin Helps Doctor Beat His Cancer-Related Fatigue, 2002/06/13, from Cancer.org Writing in the medical journal The Oncologist Vol.7: 96, Robert Wharton MD, a pediatrician, described his battle with cancer and the overwhelming fatigue he experienced. Ritalin addiction resource from Myaddiction.com v d e Phenethylamines 2C-B 2C-C 2C-D 2C-E 2C-I 2C-N 2C-T-2 2C-T-21 2C-T-4 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 3C-E 4-FMP Bupropion Cathine Cathinone Clenbuterol DESOXY Dextroamphetamine Methamphetamine Diethylcathinone Dimethylcathinone DOC DOB DOI DOM bk-MBDB Dopamine Br-DFLY Ephedrine Epinephrine Escaline Etafedrine Fenfluramine Levosalbutamol Levmetamfetamine MBDB MDA MDMA MDMC MDEA MDPV Mescaline Methcathinone Norepinephrine Phentermine Salbutamol Tyramine Venlafaxine v d e Stimulants Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Geranamine Isometheptene Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuamine Alphapyrrolidinylalkiophenones α-PPP MDPPP MDPV MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPPP Pyrovalerone Cholinergics ABT-089 ABT-418 Anabasine Arecoline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine Rivanicline Tebanicline Varenicline Convulsants Bicuculline DMCM Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil Carphedon Modafinil Phenethylamines 4-Bromomethcathinone 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-Fluoromethcathinone 4-Methylmethcathinone 4-MTA Aletamine Amfepentorex Amphechloral Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine, Adderall Amphetaminil Benzphetamine Bupropion Cathinone Chlorphentermine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Clortermine Diethylpropion Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ephedrine Epinephrine Ethcathinone Ethylamphetamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine Fenproporex Fludorex Furfenorex Levomethamphetamine Lisdexamfetamine MDMA Mefenorex Methamphetamine Methcathinone Methoxyphedrine Methylone Octopamine Ortetamine Parahydroxyamphetamine PCA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Phentermine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline Synephrine Tiflorex Xylopropamine Phenylaminooxazoles 4-Methyl-aminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Piperazines 2C-B-BZP BZP GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP Vanoxerine Piperidines 2-Benzylpiperidine Desoxypipradrol Diphemethoxidine Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 --Methyl-1-methyl-4β-2-naphthylpiperidine-3β-carboxylate Methylphenidate Dexmethylphenidate Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Tropanes 3α-Bis-4-fluorophenylmethoxytropane 3α-4-Chlorophenylphenylmethoxytropane 3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate Altropane IACFT Brasofensine CFT WIN 35,428 β-CIT RTI-55 Cocaethylene Cocaine β-CPPIT Dichloropane RTI-111 Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 IPCIT RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-171 RTI-177 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2 WF-23 WF-33 WF-60 Xanthines Aminophylline Caffeine Dimethazan Paraxanthine Theobromine Theophylline Others Amineptine Bemegride Benzydamine BPAP Bromantane BTQ Clofenciclan Cypenamine Cyprodenate Diclofensine Dimethocaine Diphenyl prolinol Ethamivan Fencamfamine Feprosidnine Gilutensin GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Indanorex Indatraline LR-5182 Mazindol Mesocarb Naphthylisopropylamine Nikethamide Nomifensine Phthalimidopropiophenone Prolintane Sibutramine Yohimbine Zylofuramine See also Sympathomimetic amines v d e Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics N06B Centrally acting sympathomimetics Amphetamine - Amphetaminil - Atomoxetine - Dextroamphetamine - Dextromethamphetamine - Fencamfamin - Fenozolone - Fenetylline - Methylphenidate - Mesocarb - Pemoline - Pipradrol - Prolintane Xanthine derivatives Caffeine - Propentofylline Glutamate receptor Racetams Aniracetam - Nefiracetam - Oxiracetam - Phenylpiracetam - Piracetam - Pramiracetam Ampakines CX-516 - CX-546 - CX-614 - CX-691 - CX-717 - IDRA-21 - LY-503,430 - PEPA Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds Adrafinil - Armodafinil - Modafinil Histamine H3 receptor antagonists ABT-239 - Ciproxifan Other psychostimulants and nootropics Acetylcarnitine - Citicoline - Cyprodenate - Idebenone - Ispronicline - Deanol - Dimebon - Fipexide - Linopirdine - Meclofenoxate - Nizofenone - Pirisudanol - Pyritinol - Sulbutiamine - Taltirelin - Tricyanoaminopropene - Vinpocetine Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Methylphenidate Categories: Class A drugs | Class B drugs | Phenethylamines | Stimulants | Sympathomimetic amines | Piperidines | Dopamine reuptake inhibitors | Drug culture | Psychiatry | Drug addictionHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 00:04
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