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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Monkeypox Merge arrow It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Monkeypox virus . Discuss Monkeypox Classification and external resources ICD-10 B04 Monkeypox is a rare infectious disease caused by monkeypox virus. The disease was first identified in laboratory monkeys, giving it its name. The disease is most prevalent in Central and West Africa, but an outbreak occurred also in the United States in 2003.1 Monkeypox can be difficult to distinguish from mild smallpox and chickenpox2. Human monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease that occurs primarily in remote villages of Central and West Africa in proximity to tropical rainforests where there is more frequent contact with infected animals. Monkeypox is usually transmitted to humans from rodents, pets, and primates through contact with the animal's blood or through a bite. Contents 1 Epidemiology 2 Monkeypox disease in animals 3 Monkeypox disease in humans 3.1 Symptoms and course 3.2 Prevention and treatment 3.3 2003 U.S. outbreak 4 References 5 External links Epidemiology In addition to monkeys, giant pouched rats Cricetomys sp., dormice Graphiurus sp. and African squirrels Heliosciurus, Funisciurus have all been implicated as reservoirs of the virus. The use of these animals as food may be an important means of transmission to humans.citation needed Monkeypox as a disease was first associated with human illness in Zaire and West Africa during 1970-1971. A second outbreak of human illness was identified in Zaire in 1996-1997. In 2003, a small outbreak of human monkeypox in the United States occurred among owners of pet prairie dogs.3 The prairie dogs had been exposed to an infected Gambian pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus. A second African focus of infection has been discovered in Sudan.4 Monkeypox disease in animals Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. June 2008 The symptoms of a sick animal include: listlessness, ocular and nasal discharges, cough, hair loss sometimes accompanied by scabs, and pneumonia. Look for nodules similar to mosquito bites and inflammation of the lymph glands. Monkeypox disease in humans Symptoms and course In humans, monkeypox is similar to smallpox, although it is often milder. Unlike smallpox, monkeypox causes lymph nodes to swell lymphadenopathy. The incubation period for monkeypox is about 12 days range 7 to 17 days. The illness begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days sometimes longer after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular rash i.e., raised bumps, often first on the face but sometimes initially on other parts of the body. The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off. It is assumed that Vaccination against smallpox would provide protection against human monkeypox infection considering that they are closely related viruses and the vaccine protects animals from experimental lethal monkeypox challenge 5. This has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans because routine smallpox vaccination was discontinued following the eradication of smallpox due to safety concerns with the vaccine. Limited person-to-person spread of infection has been reported in disease-endemic areas in Africa. Case-fatality ratios in Africa have ranged from 1% to 10%.6 Prevention and treatment Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for monkeypox. Smallpox vaccine has been reported to reduce the risk of monkeypox among previously vaccinated persons in Africa. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC recommends that persons investigating monkeypox outbreaks and involved in caring for infected individuals or animals should receive a smallpox vaccination to protect against monkeypox. Persons who have had close or intimate contact with individuals or animals confirmed to have monkeypox should also be vaccinated. These persons can be vaccinated up to 14 days after exposure. CDC does not recommend preexposure vaccination for unexposed veterinarians, veterinary staff, or animal control officers, unless such persons are involved in field investigations. 2003 U.S. outbreak January 2008 As of June 7, 2003, cases of suspected monkeypox in the United States had been reported among residents of Wisconsin 18, northern Illinois 10, and northwestern Indiana 1. The disease stemmed from a giant Gambian pouch rat imported by a pet shop in Texas that is believed to have infected domesticated prairie dogs, which were then distributed by other outlets in the Midwest. Electron microscopy and serologic studies were used to confirm that the disease was human monkeypox. By June 9, CDC officials said the number of suspected or confirmed cases was 22 in Wisconsin, 10 in Indiana, and five in Illinois. As of June 11, a total of 54 persons with suspected monkeypox had been reported in Wisconsin 20, Illinois 10, Indiana 23, and New Jersey 1. Monkeypox had been confirmed by laboratory tests in nine persons. At least 14 of the people with suspected monkeypox had been hospitalized for their illness; there were no deaths related to the outbreak. The onset of the illness among the patients in the United States began in early May 2003. Patients typically experienced a prodrome consisting of fever, headaches, myalgias, chills, and drenching sweats. Roughly one-third of patients had nonproductive cough. This prodromal phase was followed 1-10 days later by the development of a papular rash that typically progressed through stages of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. In some patients, early lesions had become ulcerated. Rash distribution and lesions occurred on head, trunk, and extremities; many of the patients had initial and satellite lesions on palms, soles, and extremities. Rashes were generalized in some patients. After onset of the rash, patients generally manifested rash lesions in different stages. All patients reported direct or close contact with prairie dogs, most of which were sick. Illness in prairie dogs was frequently reported as beginning with a blepharoconjunctivitis, progressing to presence of nodular lesions in some cases. Some prairie dogs died from the illness, while others reportedly recovered. References ^ Bayer-Garner IB 2005. Monkeypox virus: histologic, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic findings. J. Cutan. Pathol. 32 1: 28-34. doi:10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00254.x. PMID 15660652. ^ Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, Grab B 1988. Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox. Acta Trop. 45 4: 297-307. PMID 2907258. ^ What You Should Know About Monkeypox PDF. Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and prevention 2003-06-12. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. ^ Damon IK, Roth CE, Chowdhary V 2006. Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 9: 962-3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc060792. PMID 16943415. ^ Marriott KA, Parkinson CV, Morefield SI, Davenport R, Nichols R, Monath TP 2008. Clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge. Vaccine 26 4: 581-8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.063. PMID 18077063. ^ Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, et al 2001. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerging Infect. Dis. 7 3: 434-8. PMID 11384521. External links CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox CDC - Human Monkeypox -- Kasai Oriental, Zaire, 1996-1997 CDC - Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997 CDC Preliminary Report: Multistate Outbreak of Monkeypox in Persons Exposed to Pet Prairie Dogs National Library of Medicine - Monkeypox virus Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox Associated Press: Feds Collect Giant Rats in Florida Note: much of the original text of this article is taken from public domain CDC Center for Disease Control and NIH National Institute of Health sources. v d e Infectious diseases - Virus diseases A80-B34, 042-079 CNS Encephalitis/ meningitis DNA virus: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis unknown: Encephalitis lethargica Eye DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus retinitis Other RNA virus: Rabies - Myelitis: Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome - Tropical spastic paraparesis Skin and mucous membrane lesions DNA virus, Herpesviridae: Herpes simplex - Chickenpox - Herpes zoster - KSHV DNA virus, other: Poxviridae Smallpox, Monkeypox, Cowpox, Vaccinia, Molluscum contagiosum - exanthem Roseola, Fifth disease - HPV Wart RNA virus: exanthem Measles, Rubella - picornavirus Hand, foot and mouth disease, Foot-and-mouth disease Digestive system Hepatitis DNA virus: B RNA virus: A - D - C - E - G Gastroenteritis DNA virus: Adenovirus RNA virus: Rotavirus - Norovirus - Astrovirus - Coronavirus Respiratory system RNA virus, IV: Acute viral nasopharyngitis - Severe acute respiratory syndrome RNA virus, V: Influenza/Avian influenza - Human parainfluenza viruses - RSV - hMPV Other/varied: Infectious mononucleosis - Viral pneumonia Sexually transmitted DNA virus: HPV Genital warts, Cervical cancer RNA virus, retrovirus: HIV AIDS, AIDS dementia complex - Adult T-cell leukemia Oncovirus DNA virus: Hepatitis B - HPV - Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RNA virus: Hepatitis C - HTLV Systemic DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus RNA virus: Mumps - Bornholm disease - Coxsackie B Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Monkeypox Categories: Viral diseasesHidden categories: Articles to be merged since August 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since December 2007 | Articles to be expanded since June 2008 | All articles to be expanded | Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français 日本語 中文 This page was last modified on 26 August 2008, at 21:42
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