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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Monocyte December 2007 Monocyte Monocyte Monocyte is a type of leukocyte, part of the human body's immune system. Monocytes have two main functions in the immune system: 1 replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and 2 in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly aprox. 8-12 hours to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Monocytes are usually identified in stained smears by their large bilobate nucleus. Contents 1 Physiology 2 Monocyte Subpopulations 3 Diagnostic use 4 Dendritic cells 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Physiology Monocyte Monocyte Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cell precursors called monoblasts. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They constitute between three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood. In the tissues monocytes mature into different types of macrophages at different anatomical locations. Monocytes are responsible for phagocytosis ingestion of foreign substances in the body. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary opsonising proteins such as antibodies or complement that coat the pathogen, as well as by binding to the microbe directly via pattern-recognition receptors that recognize pathogens. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells via antibody, termed antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. Vacuolization may be present in a cell that has recently phagocytized foreign matter. Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues will then differentiate into tissue resident macrophages or dendritic cells. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances but are also suspected to be the predominant cells involved in triggering atherosclerosis. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material. Monocyte Subpopulations There are two types of monocytes in human blood: a the classical monocyte, which is characterized by high level expression of the CD14 cell surface receptor CD14++ monocyte and b the non-classical, pro-inflammatory monocyte with low level expression of CD14 and with additional co-expression of the CD16 receptor CD14+CD16+ monocyte.1 The CD14+CD16+ monocytes develop from the CD14++ monocytes, i.e. they are a more mature version. After stimulation with microbial products the CD14+CD16+ monocytes produce high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-12. Diagnostic use A scanning electron microscope SEM image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets. A scanning electron microscope SEM image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets. A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count and is expressed either as a ratio of monocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted, or by absolute numbers. Both may be useful in determining or refuting a possible diagnosis. Monocytosis is the state of excess monocytes in the peripheral blood. It may be indicative of various disease states. Examples of processes that can increase a monocyte count include: chronic inflammation stress response hyperadrenocorticism immune-mediated disease pyogranulomatous disease necrosis red cell regeneration A high count of CD14+CD16+ monocytes is found in severe infection sepsis2 and a very low count of these cells is found after therapy with immuno-suppressive glucocorticoids3 Dendritic cells Monocytes can be used to generate dendritic cells in vitro. 4 See also Agranulocyte Complete blood count Hematopoiesis Neutrophil granulocyte Phagocyte White blood cell References ^ Ziegler-Heitbrock, L: The CD14+ CD16+ Blood Monocytes: their Role in Infection and Inflammation, Review. J Leukocyte Biology, 81:584, 2007 ^ Fingerle, G., Pforte, A., Passlick, B., Blumenstein, M., Ströbel, M., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W.L.: The novel subset of CD14+ CD16+ blood monocytes is expanded in sepsis patients. Blood, 82: 3170-3176, 1993 ^ Fingerle-Rowson, G., Angstwurm, M., Andreesen, R., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W.L.:Selective depletion of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes by glucocorticoid therapy.Clin. Exp. Immunol., 112: 501-506, 1998 ^ Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C, Lanzavecchia A 1995. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med. 182 2: 389-400. doi:10.1084/jem.182.2.389. PMID 7629501. External links Histology at BU 01702ooa Human Monocytes - Prof. Dr. Ziegler-Heitbrock v d e Blood General Plasma - Hematopoietic stem cells Lymphoid - WBC T cells: Cytotoxic CD8+, Helper CD4+/Regulatory, γδ, Natural Killer T cell B cells: Plasma, Memory Natural killer cells Lymphokine-activated killer cell Null cell Myeloid - WBC Monocytes/Macrophages Histiocytes, Kupffer cells, Langhans giant cells, Microglia, Osteoclasts, Epithelioid cells Granulocytes Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil - Mast cell precursors Dendritic cells Langerhans cells, Follicular dendritic cells Megakaryoblast - Megakaryocyte - Platelets Myeloid - RBC Reticulocyte - Normoblast v d e Immune system / Immunology Systems Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system · Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system · Complement system Anaphylatoxins · Intrinsic immune system Antibodies and antigens Antibody Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody · Allotype · Isotype · Idiotype · Antigen Superantigen · Polyclonal B cell response Immune cells/White blood cells Lymphoid: T cell · B cell · NK cell Myeloid: Mast cell · Basophil · Eosinophil · Macrophage Phagocytes: Neutrophil · Macrophage/Reticuloendothelial system Professional APCs: Dendritic cell · Macrophage · B cell Immunity vs. tolerance Immunity · Autoimmunity · Allergy · Tolerance Central · Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Somatic hypermutation · VDJ recombination · Immunoglobulin class switching · MHC/HLA Substances Cytokines · Opsonin · Cytolysin Other Inflammation · Epitope Linear epitope and Conformational epitope · Hapten · Cross-reactivity · Diagnostic immunology · Immune complex Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Monocyte Categories: Mononuclear phagocytes | Cell biology | Human cellsHidden category: Articles needing additional references from December 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski Català Česky Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 21:03
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