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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Neurotoxin Part of a series on Toxicology and poison Toxicology Forensic - Toxinology History of poison ICD-10 T36-T65, ICD-9 960-989 Concepts Poison - Venom - Toxicant - Antidote Acceptable daily intake - Acute toxicity Bioaccumulation - Biomagnification Fixed Dose Procedure - LD50 - Lethal dose Toxic capacity - Toxicity Class Toxins and venoms Neurotoxin - Necrotoxin - Hemotoxin Mycotoxin - Aflatoxin - Phototoxin List of fictional toxins Incidents Bradford - Minamata - Niigata Alexander Litvinenko - Bhopal 2007 pet food recalls List of poisonings Poisoning types Elements Toxic metal Lead - Mercury - Cadmium - Antimony - Arsenic - Beryllium - Iron - Thallium - Fluoride - Oxygen Seafood Shellfish Paralytic - Diarrheal Amnesic - Ciguatera - Scombroid Tetrodotoxin Other substances Pesticide - Organophosphate - Food Nicotine - Theobromine - Carbon monoxide - Vitamin - Medicines Living organisms Mushrooms - Plants - Venomous animals Related topics Hazard symbol - Carcinogen Mutagen - List of Extremely Hazardous Substances - Biological warfare This box: view talk A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells1 neurons, usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. Some sources are more general, and define the effect of neurotoxins as occurring at nerve tissue.2 Bungarotoxin, which is considered a neurotoxin,3 has its effect at the motor end plate. Contents 1 Classification and examples 1.1 Venoms 1.2 Channel inhibitors 1.3 Exogenous vs. endogenous 1.4 Nerve agents 2 References 3 External links Classification and examples Venoms Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in very rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Channel inhibitors Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels: Agent Channel tetrodotoxin and batrachotoxin sodium channels maurotoxin, agitoxin, charybdotoxin, margatoxin, slotoxin, scyllatoxin and hefutoxin potassium channels calciseptine, taicatoxin and calcicludine calcium channels A potent neurotoxin such as batrachotoxin affects the nervous system by causing depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers due to increased sodium ion permeability of the excitable cell membrane. A very potent neurotoxin is tetrodotoxin. This chemical acts to block sodium channels in neurons, preventing action potentials. This leads to paralysis and eventually death. Exogenous vs. endogenous Toxins ingested from the environment are described as exogenous and include gases such as carbon monoxide, metals such as mercury, liquids ethanol and an endless list of solids. When exogenous toxins are ingested, the effect on neurons is largely dependent on dosage. Neurotoxicity also occurs from substances produced within the body: endogenous neurotoxins. A prime example of a neurotoxin in the brain is glutamate, which is paradoxically also a primary neurotransmitter. Nerve agents A number of artificial neurotoxins, known as nerve agents, have been developed for use as chemical weapons. References ^ neurotoxin - Definitions from Dictionary.com. dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. ^ Dorlands Medical Dictionary:neurotoxin. ^ Kuch U, Molles BE, Omori-Satoh T, Chanhome L, Samejima Y, Mebs D September 2003. Identification of alpha-bungarotoxin A31 as the major postsynaptic neurotoxin, and complete nucleotide identity of a genomic DNA of Bungarus candidus from Java with exons of the Bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin A31 gene. Toxicon 42 4: 381-90. PMID 14505938. External links Neurotoxin definition and additional details v d e Toxins endotoxin/exotoxin, enterotoxin/neurotoxin/hemotoxin/cardiotoxin Bacterial toxins Botulinum toxin · Cord factor · Exfoliatin · Leukocidin · Shiga toxin · Shiga-like toxin · Streptolysin · Tetanospasmin pentosyltransferases Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Pertussis toxin Mycotoxins Aflatoxin · Amatoxin Alpha-amanitin, Beta-amanitin, Gamma-amanitin · Citrinin · Cytochalasin · Fumonisin Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2 · Gliotoxin · Ibotenic acid · Muscimol · Ochratoxin · Patulin · Sterigmatocystin · Trichothecene · Zearalenone Invertebrates arthropod: scorpion Charybdotoxin, Maurotoxin, Agitoxin, Margatoxin, Slotoxin, Scyllatoxin, Hefutoxin · Latrotoxin Alpha-latrotoxin · Stromatoxin mollusk: Conotoxin · Eledoisin · Saxitoxin Vertebrates fish: Ciguatera · Tetrodotoxin amphibian: +-Allopumiliotoxin 267A · Batrachotoxin · Epibatidine · Histrionicotoxin · Pumiliotoxin 251D reptile: Bungarotoxin Alpha-Bungarotoxin, Beta-Bungarotoxin · Calciseptine · Taicatoxin · Calcicludine note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Neurotoxin Categories: Neurotoxins | Peripheral membrane proteins Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 20 August 2008, at 04:46
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