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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Oncogene An oncogene is a protein encoding gene, which - when deregulated - participates in the onset and development of cancer. Genetic mutations resulting in the activation of oncogenes increase the chance that a normal cell will develop into a tumor cell. Oncogenes are figuratively thought to be in a perpetual tug-of-war with tumor suppressor genes which act to prevent DNA damage and keep the cell's activities under control. There is much evidence to support the notion that loss of tumor suppressors or gain of oncogenes can lead to cancer. Many cells normally undergo an apoptosis program. In the presence of an activated oncogene, disorderly survival and proliferation can be observed.1 Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors such as viral infection, to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many new cancer drugs target those DNA sequences and their products.234 Contents 1 Proto-oncogene 1.1 Activation 2 Classification 3 Conversion of proto-oncogenes 4 History 5 See also 6 References Proto-oncogene A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon activation, a proto-oncogene or its product becomes a tumor inducing agent, an oncogene.5 Examples of proto-oncogenes include RAS, WNT, MYC, ERK and TRK. Activation The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. There are three basic activation types: A mutation within a proto-oncogene can cause a change in the protein structure, causing an increase in protein enzyme activity a loss of regulation An increase in protein concentration, caused by an increase of protein expression through misregulation an increase of protein stability, prolonging its existence and thus its activity in the cell a gene duplication one type of chromosome abnormality, resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell A chromosomal translocation another type of chromosome abnormality, causing an increased gene expression in the wrong cell type or at wrong times the expression of a constitutively active hybrid protein. This type of aberration in a dividing stem cell in the bone marrow leads to adult leukemia Mutations in microRNAs can lead to activation of oncogenes.6 New research indicates that small RNAs 21-25 nucleotides in length called microRNAs miRNAs can control expression of these genes by downregulating them.7 Classification There are several systems for classifying oncogenes,89 but there is not yet a widely accepted standard. They are sometimes grouped both spatially moving from outside the cell inwards and chronologically parallelling the normal process of signal transduction. There are several categories that are commonly used: Category Examples Description Growth factors, or mitogens c-Sis Usually secreted by specialized cells to induce cell proliferation in themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. An oncogene may cause a cell to secrete growth factors even though it does not normally do so. It will thereby induce its own uncontrolled proliferation autocrine loop, and proliferation of neighboring cells. It may also cause production of growth hormones in other parts of the body. Receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor PDGFR, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR, HER2/neu Kinases add phosphate groups to other proteins to turn them on or off. Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell which receive protein signals from outside the cell and transmit them to the inside of the cell. Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in the target protein. They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on constitutively, even without signals from outside the cell. Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Src-family, Syk-ZAP-70 family, and BTK family of tyrosine kinases, the Abl gene in CML - Philadelphia chromosome - Cytoplasmic Serine/threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits Raf kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinases through overexpression. - Regulatory GTPases Ras protein - Transcription factors myc gene - Conversion of proto-oncogenes There are two mechanisms by which proto-oncogenes can be converted to cellular oncogenes: Quantitative: Tumor formation is induced by an increase in the absolute number of proto-oncogene products or by its production in inappropriate cell types. Qualitative: Conversion from proto-oncogene to transforming gene c-onc with changes in the nucleotide sequence which responsible for the acquisition of the new properties.10 History The first oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed src pronounced sarc as in sarcoma. Src was in fact first discovered as an oncogene in a chicken retrovirus. Experiments performed by Dr G. Steve Martin of the University of California, Berkeley demonstrated that the SRC was indeed the oncogene of the virus. In 1976 Drs. J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco demonstrated that oncogenes were defective proto-oncogenes, found in many organisms including humans. For this discovery Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1989.11 See also Tumor suppressor gene Apoptosis Cancer References ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. Illustrated presentation. ^ Kimball's Biology Pages. Oncogenes Free full text ^ Croce CM, Oncogenes and Cancer, N Engl J Med 2008, 358:502-511 Free full text ^ Yokota J 2000 Mar. Tumor progression and metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 21 3: 497-503. doi:10.1093/carcin/21.3.497. PMID 10688870. Free full text ^ Todd R, Wong DT 1999. Oncogenes. Anticancer Res. 19 6A: 4729-46. PMID 10697588. ^ Esquela-Kerscher, A; Slack FJ Apr 2006. Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer 6 4: 259-269. ^ Negrini, M; Ferracin M, Sabbioni S, Croce CM Jun 2007. MicroRNAs in human cancer: from research to therapy. Journal of Cell Science 120 11: 1833-1840. ^ THE Medical Biochemistry Page ^ Classification of Oncogene Function ^ Robert F. Muller; Ian D. Young; Alan E.H Emery. Oncogene. In: Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics. ISBN: 044307125X. ^ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989 jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. Press Release. v d e Pathology: Cancer, Tumors, Neoplasms, and Oncology C00-D48, 140-239 Benign tumors Hyperplasia - Cyst - Pseudocyst - Hamartoma - Benign tumor Malignant progression Dysplasia - Carcinoma in situ - Cancer - Metastasis Topography Oral - Head/Neck - Nasopharyngeal - digestive system - Respiratory system - Bone - Skin - Blood - Urogenital - Nervous system - Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma - Sarcoma - Papilloma - Adenoma Misc. Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes - Staging/grading - Carcinogenesis - Carcinogen - Research - Paraneoplastic syndrome - List of oncology-related terms v d e Oncogenes/Proto-oncogenes Extracellular/ Growth factor c-Sis Cell membrane/ receptor/tyrosine kinases c-ErbB HER2/neu, Her 3 - c-Kit - c-Met - c-Ret - Flt3 Cytoplasm c-Src Signal transduction/Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase: c-Raf - c-Ras HRAS - c-Akt Nucleus/Transcription factors AP-1 c-Fos, c-Jun - c-Myc - c-Mdm2 Other/ungrouped c-Bcl-2 - Notch - Stathmin Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Oncogene Categories: Genes | Oncology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية বাংলা ÄŒesky Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 August 2008, at 02:48
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