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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Oppositional defiant disorder Redirected from Oppositional Defiance Disorder Jump to: navigation, search Oppositional Defiant Disorder Classification and external resources ICD-10 F91.3 ICD-9 313.81 Oppositional defiant disorder is a psychiatric category listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders where it is described as an ongoing pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures which goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior. Contents 1 DSM criteria 2 Prevalence 3 Prognosis 4 Treatment 5 Controversy 6 References 7 See also 8 External links DSM criteria To meet DSM-IV-TR criteria, certain factors must be taken into account. First, the defiance must interfere with the child's ability to function in school, home, or the community. Second, the defiance cannot be the result of another disorder, such as depression, anxiety, or the more serious Conduct disorder. Third, the child's problem behaviors have been happening for at least six months. The diagnostic criteria for this disorder are as follows: Diagnostic Criteria A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months, during which four or more of the following are present: Note: Consider a criterion met only if the behavior occurs more frequently than is typically observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level. often loses temper often argues with adults often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' requests or rules often deliberately annoys people often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior is often touchy or easily annoyed by others is often angry and resentful is often spiteful or vindictive The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a Psychotic or Mood disorder. Criteria are not met for Conduct Disorder, and, if the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial personality disorder. If the child meets at least four of these criteria, and they are interfering with the child's ability to function, then he or she technically meets the definition of Oppositionally defiant.1 Prevalence The DSM-IV cites a prevalence of between 2 16% for ODD. Prognosis Childhood Oppositional Defiant Disorder is strongly associated with later developing Conduct disorder.2 Untreated, about 52% of children with ODD will continue to meet the DSM-IV criteria up to three years later and about half of those 52% will progress into Conduct Disorder.3 Treatment There are a variety of approaches to the treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, including parent training programs, individual psychotherapy, family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and social skills training.4 According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, treatments for ODD are tailored specifically to the individual child, and different treatments are used for pre-schoolers and adolescents.5 An approach developed by Russell Barkley678 uses a parent training model and begins by focusing on positive approaches to increase compliant behaviours. Only later in the program are methods introduced to extinguish negative or noncompliant behaviours. Controversy According to The American Journal of Psychiatry, there are several sources of controversy around the diagnosis of ODD. One concerns the fact that the DSM-IV criteria differ slightly from those of the World Health Organization's criteria, as outlined in the ICD-10. Diagnosis of ODD is further complicated by the high occurrence of comorbidity with other disorders such as ADHD9, though a 2002 study provided additional support for the validity of ODD as an entity distinct from Conduct disorder.10 In another study, the utility of the DSM-IV criteria to diagnose preschoolers has been questioned because the criteria were developed using school-age children and adolescents. The authors concluded that the criteria could be used effectively when developmental level was factored into assessment.11 References ^ The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association ^ Lahey, B., Loeber, R. 1994, Framework for a developmental model of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In D.K. Routh Ed. Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood pp. 139-180. NY: Plenum Press. ^ Lahey, B., Loeber, R., Quay, H., Frick, P., Grimm, J., 1992 Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: Issues to be resolved for the DSM-IV. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 539-546. ^ Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder. www.aacap.org. Retrieved on 2008-07-15. ^ FAQs on Oppositional Defiant Disorder. www.aacap.org. Retrieved on 2008-07-15. ^ Barkley, R., 1997 Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training, NY: Guilford Press ^ Barkley, R., Benton, C., 1998, Your Defiant Child, NY: Guilford Press ^ Barkley, R., Edwards, G., Robin, A., 1999, Defiant Teens: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Family Intervention, NY: Guilford Press ^ Volkmar, Fred 2002. Considering Disruptive Behaviors. Am J Psychiatry 159: 349-350. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.349. PMID 11869994. ^ Greene, Ross W.; Biederman, Joseph; Zerwas, Stephanie; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Goring, Jennifer C.; Faraone, Stephen V. 2008. Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1214-1224. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1214. PMID 12091202. ^ Keenan, Kate; Wakschlag, Lauren S. 2002. Can a Valid Diagnosis of Disruptive Behavior Disorder Be Made in Preschool Children?. Am J Psychiatry 159: 351-358. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.351. PMID 11869995. See also Conduct disorder ADHD Bipolar disorder Parent Management Training External links Mental Health.com article eMedicine article NIH article about ODD Web site for parents of children with Conduct Disorders Web site for parents of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorders Understanding ODD: What is it, Behavioral Strategies and Approaches for Children with ODD, and Instructional Strategies and Classroom Accommodations for the ODD Student v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder Categories: Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD | Childhood psychiatric disorders Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Español Français עברית Nederlands Svenska This page was last modified on 19 August 2008, at 15:57
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