Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Oxalic acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid sitck-and-ball model Oxalic acid space-filling model IUPAC name ethanedioic acid Identifiers CAS number 144-62-7 SMILES OC=OCO=O Properties Molecular formula H2C2O4 anhydrous C2H2O4·2H2O dihydrate Molar mass 90.03 g/mol anhydrous 126.07 g/mol dihydrate Appearance white crystals Density 1.90 g/cm³ anhydrous 1.653 g/cm³ dihydrate Melting point 101-102°C dihydrate Solubility in water 9.5 g/100 mL 15 °C 14.3 g /100 mL 25 °C? 120 g/100 mL 100 °C Hazards MSDS External MSDS NFPA 704 1 3 0 Flash point 166 °C Related compounds Related compounds oxalyl chloride disodium oxalate calcium oxalate phenyl oxalate ester Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Oxalic acid is the chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4. This dicarboxylic acid is better described with the formula HOOCCOOH. It is a relatively strong organic acid, being about 10,000 times stronger than acetic acid. The di-anion, known as oxalate, is also a reducing agent as well as a ligand in coordination chemistry. Many metal ions form insoluble precipitates with oxalate, a prominent example being calcium oxalate, which is the primary constituent of the most common kind of kidney stone. Contents 1 Preparation 2 Reactions 3 Occurrence in nature 3.1 Physiological effects 4 Other uses 5 Tests for oxalic acid 6 References 7 External links Preparation Although it can be readily purchased, oxalic acid can be prepared in the laboratory by oxidizing sucrose using nitric acid in the presence of a small amount of vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst.1 On a large scale, sodium oxalate is manufactured by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in hot sodium hydroxide.2 Typically oxalic acid is obtained as the dihydrate. This solid can be dehydrated with heat or by azeotropic distillation.3 Anhydrous oxalic acid exists as two polymorphs; in one the hydrogen-bonding results in a chain-like structure whereas the hydrogen bonding pattern in the other form defines a sheet-like structure.4 Oxalic acid can be prepared via oxidation of either Glycolic acid or Ethylene glycol. In one synthetic path, Nitric acid is used to oxidize either of the two in the presence of oxygen.5 Reactions Oxalic acid is a relatively strong weak acid with pKa1=1.27 and pKa2=4.28. Oxalic acid exhibits many of the reactions characteristic of other carboxylic acids. It forms esters such as dimethyloxalate m.p. 52.5-53.5 °C.6. It forms an acid chloride called oxalyl chloride. Oxalate, the conjugate base of oxalic acid, is an excellent ligand for metal ions. It usually binds as a bidentate ligand forming a 5-membered MO2C2 ring. An illustrative complex is potassium ferrioxalate, K3FeC2O43. The drug Oxaliplatin exhibits improved water solubility relative to older platinum-based drugs, avoiding the dose-limiting side-effect of nephrotoxicity. Occurrence in nature Oxalic acid and oxalates are abundantly present in many plants, most notably fat hen lamb's quarters, sorrel, and Oxalis species. The root and/or leaves of rhubarb and buckwheat are listed being high in oxalic acid.7 Other edible plants that contain significant concentrations of oxalic acid include-in decreasing order-star fruit carambola, black pepper, parsley, poppy seed, amaranth, spinach, chard, beets, cocoa, chocolate, most nuts, most berries, and beans. The gritty mouth feel one experiences when drinking milk with a rhubarb dessert is caused by precipitation of calcium oxalate. Thus even dilute amounts of oxalic acid can readily crack the casein found in various dairy products. Leaves of the tea plant Camellia sinensis contain among the greatest measured concentrations of oxalic acid relative to other plants. However the infusion beverage typically contains only low to moderate amounts of oxalic acid per serving, due to the small mass of leaves used for brewing. Physiological effects The affinity of divalent metal ions is sometimes reflected in their tendency to form insoluble precipitates. Thus in the body, oxalic acid also combines with metals ions such as Ca2+, Fe2+, and Mg2+ to deposit crystals of the corresponding oxalates, which irritate the gut and kidneys. Because it binds vital nutrients such as calcium, long-term consumption of foods high in oxalic acid can be problematic. Healthy individuals can safely consume such foods in moderation, but those with kidney disorders, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or certain forms of chronic vulvar pain vulvodynia are typically advised to avoid foods high in oxalic acid or oxalates. Conversely, calcium supplements taken along with foods high in oxalic acid can cause calcium oxalate to precipitate out in the gut and drastically reduce the levels of oxalate absorbed by the body by 97% in some cases.89 The calcium oxalate precipitate better known as kidney stones obstruct the kidney tubules. Oxalic acid can also be produced by the metabolism of ethylene glycol antifreeze, glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid vitamin C. Under certain conditions of concentration and pH, oxalic acid can precipitate in the kidneys as calcium oxalate crystals, forming an estimated 80% of kidney stones.10 Some Aspergillus species produce oxalic acid, which reacts with blood or tissue calcium to precipitate calcium oxalate.11 There is some preliminary evidence that the administration of probiotics can affect oxalic acid excretion rates12 and presumably oxalic acid levels as well. Methods to reduce the oxalate content in food are of current interest.13 Other uses In household chemical products such as Bar Keeper's Friend, some bleaches, and rustproofing treatments. In wood restorers where the acid dissolves away a layer of dry surface wood to expose fresh material underneath. As an additive to automotive wheel cleaners. As a mordant in dyeing processes. Used in the early photographic Platinum/Palladium printing process. Vaporized oxalic acid, or a 6% solution of oxalic acid in sugar syrup, is used by some beekeepers as an insecticide against the parasitic Varroa mite. As a rust remover in such applications as automotive shops and for the restoration of antiques. As a recommended surface pretreatment for stainless steels surface etch before application of solid metal or polymer self-lubricating coatings. For polishing stones and marble. Used in the acid treatment for destroying warts.citation needed Tests for oxalic acid Titration with potassium permanganate can reveal the presence of oxalic acid. Ascorbate interferes with this test which is based on reducing power. For this reason, a second test for strong reductants using, for example, iodine can be done.citation needed References ^ Practical Organic Chemistry by Julius B. Cohen, 1930 ed. preparation #42 ^ U.S. Patent 1,602,802 ^ Clarke H. T.;. Davis, A. W. 1941. Oxalic Acid Anhydrous. Org. Synth.: 421; Coll. Vol. 1. ^ Wells, A.F. 1984 Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6. ^ http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3678107.html,Process for the production of oxalic acid ^ Bowden, E. 1943. Methyl Oxalate. Org. Synth.: 414; Coll. Vol. 2. ^ Streitweiser, Andrew Jr.; Heathcock, Clayton H.: Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Macmillan 1976, p 737 ^ Morozumi M, Hossain RZ, Yamakawa KI, Hokama S, Nishijima S, Oshiro Y, Uchida A, Sugaya K, Ogawa Y 2006. Gastrointestinal oxalic acid absorption in calcium-treated rats. Urol Res 34: 168. doi:10.1007/s00240-006-0035-7. PMID 16444511. ^ Hossain RZ, Ogawa Y, Morozumi M, Hokama S, Sugaya K. Milk and calcium prevent gastrointestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate in rats. Front Biosci.. PMID 12700095. ^ Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E. 2005. Kidney stone disease. J Clin Invest. 115 10: 2598-608. doi:10.1172/JCI26662. PMID 16200192. ^ Pabuccuoglu U. 2005. Aspects of oxalosis associated with aspergillosis in pathology specimens. Pathol Res Pract. 201 5: 363-8. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2005.03.005. PMID 16047945. ^ Lieske JC, Goldfarb DS, De Simone C, Regnier C. 2005. Use of a probiotic to decrease enteric hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. 68 3: 1244-9. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00520.x. PMID 16105057. ^ Betsche, T.; Fretzdorff, B. 2005. Biodegradation of oxalic acid from spinach using cereal radicles. J Agric Food Chem. 53 25: 9751-8. doi:10.1021/jf051091s. PMID 16332126. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oxalic acid International Chemical Safety Card 0529 Oxalic acid. ChemicalLand21.com. Oxalic rust removal process Discussion Table: Oxalic acid content of selected vegetables USDA Alternative link: Table: Oxalic Acid Content of Selected Vegetables USDA About rhubarb poisoning The Rhubarb Compendium Article: 'Go Light on Oxalic Acid' Dr. Mary Schrick's June 2004 newsletter Low-Oxalate Diet PDF Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Oxalic_acid Categories: Oxalates | Dicarboxylic acids | Household chemicalsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since November 2007 | Articles with statements since September 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Français í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 9 August 2008, at 16:0
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.