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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Parasomnia Parasomnia Classification and external resources ICD-10 F51.3-F51.4 ICD-9 307.47, 780.59 eMedicine med/3131 MeSH D020447 Parasomnias are a wide variety of disorders that revolve around sleep. Most parasomnias are dissociated sleep states which are partial arousals during the transitions between wakefulness and NREM sleep, or wakefulness and REM sleep. Contents 1 NREM Parasomnias 1.1 Confusional arousals 1.2 Sleepwalking somnambulism 1.3 Sleep terrors night terrors 2 REM Parasomnias 2.1 Acute RBD 2.2 Chronic RBD 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links NREM Parasomnias NREM parasomnias are arousal disorders that occur during stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep-also known as slow wave sleep SWS. They are caused by a physiological activation in which the patient's brain exits from SWS and is caught in between a sleep and waking state. In particular, these disorders involve activation of the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.1 NREM parasomnias are common during childhood but decrease in frequency with increasing age. They can be triggered in certain individuals by alcohol, sleep deprivation, physical activity, emotional stress, depression, medications, or a fevered illness. These disorders of arousal can range from confusional arousals, somnambulism, to night terrors. Other specific disorders include sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, rhythmic movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, and somniloquy. Confusional arousals With a prevalence of 4%, confusional arousals are not observed very often in adults; however, they are common in children.2 Confusional arousals are occasional thrashings or inconsolable crying among children-they're characterized by movements in bed. Sleepwalking somnambulism Sleepwalking has a prevalence of 1-17% in childhood, with the most frequent occurrences around the age of eleven-twelve. About 4% of adults experience somnambulism. 3 Sleep terrors night terrors This is the most disruptive arousal disorder since it involves loud screams and extreme panic usually resulting in the victim committing bodily harm or property damage by running around out of the bedroom or house or hitting wallscitation needed. Unfortunately, all attempts to console the individual are futile and may prolong or intensify the victim's confusioned state. Usually the victim experiences amnesia after the event but it may not be complete amnesia. Up to 3% of adults suffer from sleep terrors and exhibited behavior of this parasomnia can range from mild to extremely violent. 4 REM Parasomnias REM Sleep Behavior Disorder RBD is the most common REM sleep parasomnia in which muscle atonia is absent. This allows the individual to act out their dreams and may result in repeated injury-- bruises, lacerations and fractures-- to themselves or others. Patients may take self-protection measures by tethering themselves to bed, using pillow barricades or sleeping in an empty room on a mattress. 5 Demographically, 90% of RBD patients are males, and most are older than 50 years of age. 6 Acute RBD Occurs mostly as a result of a side-effect in prescribed medication- usually antidepressants. Chronic RBD Is idiopathic or associated with neurological disorders. There is a growing association of chronic RBD with neurodegenerative disorders - Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy MSA or dementia-- as an early indicator of these conditions by as much as 10 years. Patients with narcolepsy also are more likely to develop RBD. See also Dyssomnia Insomnia Jactatio capitas nocturna Sleep medicine Sleep sex Sleepeating Sleepwalking References Mahowald Schenck. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature 2005; 4377063:1279-85. Bassetti et al., Lancet 2000; 356: 484-485 Notes ^ Bassetti et al., Lancet 2000; 356: 484-485 ^ Mahowald Schenck: 1283. ^ Mahowald Schenck. 1283. ^ Mahowald Schenck: 1283. ^ Mahowald Schenck:1284. ^ Mahowald Schenck :1284. Further reading Siegel, Ronald 1992. Fire in the Brain: Clinical Tales of Hallucination. Warren, Jeff 2007. The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness. ISBN 978-0679314080. External links Stanford Primary Sleep Disorders: Parasomnias Psychnet UK Insomnia vs. Parasomnia v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering v d e Sleep Sleep stages Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep Brain waves Beta wave · Delta wave · Gamma wave · Theta wave Sleep disorders Advanced sleep phase syndrome · Automatic behavior · Bruxism · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder · Delayed sleep phase syndrome · Dyssomnia · Excessive daytime sleepiness · Hypersomnia · Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Night terror · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus · Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome · Ondine's curse · Parasomnia · Sleep apnea · Sleep deprivation · Sleepeating · Sleeping sickness · Sleeptalking · Sleepwalking Benign phenomena Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence Related topics Bed Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Hammock, Mattress · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Chronotype · Dream journal · Jet lag · Lullaby · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Power nap · Siesta · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep diary · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleepover · Snoring · Sleep and creativity Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Parasomnia Categories: Sleep disorders | ParasomniasHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Português Svenska This page was last modified on 10 August 2008, at 19:41
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