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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Pathology For other uses, see Pathology disambiguation. A renal cell carcinoma chromophobe type viewed on a hematoxylin eosin stained slide A renal cell carcinoma chromophobe type viewed on a hematoxylin eosin stained slide Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies. Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies. This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient. Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids and whole bodies Autopsy. The term also encompasses the related scientific study of disease processes, called General pathology. Medical pathology is divided in two main branches, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology. Veterinary pathology is concerned with animal disease whereas Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases. Contents 1 History of pathology 2 General pathology 3 Pathology as a medical specialty 3.1 Anatomical pathology 3.2 Clinical pathology 4 Veterinary pathology 5 Plant pathology 6 Plant pathogens 6.1 Fungi 6.1.1 Ascomycetes 6.1.2 Basidiomycetes 6.2 Oomycetes 6.3 Bacteria 6.3.1 Phytoplasmas 'Mycoplasma-like organisms' and spiroplasmas 6.4 Viruses, viroids and virus-like organisms 6.5 Nematodes 6.6 Protozoa 6.7 Parasitic plants 7 Physiological plant disorders 8 Epidemiology 9 Management 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 14 Notes 15 See also 16 External links History of pathology Main article: History of pathology The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance. The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar 1091-1161. Rudolf Virchow 1821-1902 is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons. General pathology Main article: General pathology General pathology, also called investigative pathology, experimental pathology or theoretical pathology, is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Areas of study include cellular adaptation to injury, necrosis, inflammation, wound healing and neoplasia. It forms the foundation of pathology, the application of this knowledge to diagnose diseases in humans and animals. The term general pathology is also used to describe the practice of both anatomical and clinical pathology. Pathology as a medical specialty Main article: Pathology as a medical specialty Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies or bodily fluid. The vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. Pathology is a core discipline of medical school and many pathologists are also teachers. As managers of medical laboratories, pathologists play an important role in the development of Laboratory information systems. Although the medical practice of pathology grew out the tradition of investigative pathology, most modern pathologists do not perform original research. Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see patients directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians often referred to as clinicians within the pathology community. To be licensed, candidates must complete medical training, an approved residency program and be certified by an appropriate body. In the US, certification is by the American Board of Pathology. The organization of subspecialties within pathology vary between nations but usually include anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Anatomical pathology Main article: Anatomical pathology Anatomical pathology Commonwealth or Anatomic pathology U.S. is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies autopsy. The anatomical pathologist reports to doctors; he/she does not usually see patients. Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology, cytopathology and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice anatomical pathology, one has to complete medical school, an approved residency program and be certified. In the U.S., the American board of Pathology certifies pathologists. Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology. Clinical pathology Main article: Clinical pathology Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologist work in close collaboration with medical technologists. Clinical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking and clinical microbiology. Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology. Veterinary pathology Main article: Veterinary pathology Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialise in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Veterinary pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process. See also veterinary pathologist in .org. Plant pathology Main article: Phytopathology Agriculture General Agribusiness · Agriculture Agricultural science · Agronomy Animal husbandry Extensive farming Factory farming · Free range Industrial agriculture Intensive farming Organic farming · Permaculture Sustainable agriculture Urban agriculture History History of agriculture Neolithic Revolution Muslim Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Particular Aquaculture · Christmas trees · Dairy farming Grazing · Hydroponics · IMTA Intensive pig farming · Lumber Maize · Orchard Poultry farming · Ranching · Rice Sheep husbandry · Soybean System of Rice Intensification Wheat Categories Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Agriculture companies, U.S. Biotechnology Farming history Livestock Meat processing Poultry farming Agropedia portal For the journal, see Plant Pathology journal. Plant pathology also called phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens infectious diseases and environmental conditions physiological factors. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are insects, mites, vertebrate or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of the identification, etiology, disease cycle, economic impact, epidemiology, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics and management of plant diseases. /onlyinclude Plant pathogens The Disease triangle is a central concept of plant pathology for infectious diseases1 . It is based on the principle that disease is the result of an interaction between a host, a pathogen, and environment condition. Fungi Powdery mildew, a Biotrophic Fungus Powdery mildew, a Biotrophic Fungus Rice blast, a necrotrophic fungus Rice blast, a necrotrophic fungus The majority of phytopathogenic fungi belong to the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes. The fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of spores. These spores may be spread long distances by air or water, or they may be soil bourne. Many soil bourne spores, normally zoospores and capable of living saprotrophically, carrying out the first part of their lifecycle in the soil. Fungal diseases can be controlled through the use of fungicides in agriculture, however new races of fungi often evolve that are resistant to various fungicides. Significant fungal plant pathogens Ascomycetes Fusarium spp. Thielaviopsis spp. Causal agents of: canker rot, black root rot, Thielaviopsis root rot Verticillium spp. Magnaporthe grisea T.T. Hebert M.E. Barr; causes blast of rice and gray leaf spot in turfgrasses Basidiomycetes Rhizoctonia spp. Phakospora pachyrhizi Sydow; causes Soybean rust Puccinia spp.; causal agents of severe rusts of virtually all cereal grains and cultivated grasses Oomycetes The oomycetes are fungal-like organisms that until recently used to be mistaken for fungi. They include some of the most destructive plant pathogens including the genus Phytophthora which includes the casual agents of potato late blight and sudden oak death. Despite not being closely related to the fungi, the oomycetes have developed very similar infection strategies and so many plant pathologists group them with fungal pathogens. Significant oomycete plant pathogens Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp.; including the causal agent of the Great Irish Famine 1845-1849 Rice blast is hemibiotrophic Bacteria Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium Crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium Most bacteria that are associated with plants are actually saprotrophic, and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 species, are able to cause disease. Bacterial diseases are much more prevalent in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world. Most plant pathogenic bacteria are rod shaped bacilli. In order to be able to colonise the plant they have specific pathogenicity factors. There are 4 main bacterial pathogenicity factors: 1. Cell wall degrading enzymes - used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside. Used by pathogens such as Erwinia to cause soft rot. 2. Toxins These can be non-host specific, and damage all plants, or host specific and only cause damage on a host plant. 3. Phytohormones - for example Agrobacterium changes the level of Auxin to cause tumours. 4. Exopolysaccharides - these are produced by bacteria and block xylem vessels, often leading to the death of the plant. Bacteria control the production of pathogenicity factors via quorum sensing. Significant bacterial plant pathogens Burkholderia2 Proteobacteria Xanthomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp. Phytoplasmas 'Mycoplasma-like organisms' and spiroplasmas Main article: phytoplasma Vitis vinifera with Ca. Phytoplasma vitis infection Vitis vinifera with Ca. Phytoplasma vitis infection Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are a genre of bacteria that lack cell walls, and are related to the mycoplasmas which are human pathogens. Together they are referred to as the mollicutes. They also tend to have smaller genomes than true bacteria. They are normally transmitted by sap-sucking insects, being transferred into the plants phloem where it reproduces. Viruses, viroids and virus-like organisms Main article: Plant Virus Pepper mild mottle virus Pepper mild mottle virus There are many types of plant virus, and some are even asymptomatic. Normally plant viruses only cause a loss of yield. Therefore it is not economically viable to try to control them, the exception being when they infect perennial species, such as fruit trees. Most plant viruses have small, single stranded RNA genomes. These genomes may only encode 3 or 4 proteins: a replicase, a coat protein, a movement protein to allow cell to cell movement and sometimes a protein that allows transmission by a vector. Plant viruses must be transmitted from plant to plant by a vector. This is normally an insect, but some fungi, nematodes and protozoa have been shown to be viral vectors. Nematodes Root-knot nematode galls Root-knot nematode galls Nematodes are small, multicelluar wormlike creatures. Many live freely in the soil, but there are some species which parasitize plant roots. They are mostly a problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where they may infect crops. Root knot nematodes have quite a large host range, whereas cyst nematodes tend to only be able to infect a few species. Nematodes are able to cause radical changes in root cells in order to facilitate their lifestyle. Protozoa There are a few examples of plant diseases caused by protozoa. They are transmitted as zoospores which are very durable, and may be able to survive in a resting state in the soil for many years. They have also been shown to transmit plant viruses. When the motile zoospores come into contact with a root hair they produce a plasmodium and invade the roots. Parasitic plants Parasitic plants such as mistletoe and dodder are included in the study of phytopathology. Dodder, for example, is used as a conduit for the transmission of virues or virus-like agents from a host plant to either a plant that is not typically a host or for an agent that is not graft-transmissible. Physiological plant disorders Main article: Physiological plant disorders Significant abiotic disorders can be caused by: Natural Drought Frost damage, and breakage by snow and hail Flooding and poor drainage Nutrient deficiency Salt deposition and other soluble mineral excesses e.g. gypsum Wind windburn, and breakage by hurricanes and tornadoes Lightning and wildfire also often man-made Man-made arguably not abiotic, but usually regarded as such Soil compaction Pollution of air and/or soil Salt from winter road salt application Herbicide over-application Poor education and training of people working with plants e.g. lawnmower damage to trees Vandalism Epidemiology Main article: Plant Disease Epidemiology Management Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. January 2007 Quarantine Cultural Plant resistance Chemical Biological Integrated See also American Phytopathological Society Biological Control British Society for Plant Pathology burl Common names of plant diseases Fungicides Gene-for-gene relationship Global Plant Clinic Herbivory List of phytopathology journals Mycology Pesticide Plant disease forecasting QoI Phytoplasma Plant virus Strobilurins Stunt References ^ George N. Agrios 1997 Plant Pathology fourth ion, Academic Press. New York. ^ Bacteria as Plant Pathogens Further reading Part of a series on Horticulture and Gardening Gardening Gardening Garden Botanical garden Arboretum Botany Plant Horticulture Horticulture Agriculture Urban agriculture City farm Organic farming Herb farm Hobby farm Intercropping Farm Customs Harvest festival Thanksgiving History of agriculture Plant protection Phytopathology Pesticide Weed control This box: view talk External links American Phytopathological Society British Society for Plant Pathology Plant Health Progress, Online journal of applied plant pathology Pacific Northwest Fungi, online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens Rothamsted Plant Pathogen Interactions Department Grape Virology Notes See also Medical laboratory Important publications in pathology External links Association of Clinical Biochemistry UK American Society for Investigative Pathology American Society of Cytopathology British Neuropathological Society Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital - Clinicopathological Conference College of American Pathologists Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists. HistoPathology Atlas humpath.com Atlas in Human Pathology Immunohistochemistry protocols and troubleshooting Mybiopsy.org Neuropathology blog Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland Royal College of Pathologists UK Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Australia Oceania Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology - Leading Australian Pathology Laboratory. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education Pathtalk.org - A community weblog about pathology-related topics. What is a Pathologist? - a perspective from UK pathologist Fraser Charlton. Pathologypics - an interactive community-driven histology atlas v d e Pathology Principles of pathology Disease - Infection - Ischemia - Inflammation - Wound healing - Neoplasia - Hemodynamics Cell death: Necrosis Liquefactive necrosis, Coagulative necrosis, Caseous necrosis - Apoptosis - Pyknosis - Karyorrhexis - Karyolysis Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Hypertrophy - Hyperplasia - Dysplasia - Metaplasia accumulations: pigment Hemosiderin, Lipochrome/Lipofuscin, Melanin - Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy - Molecular pathology - Forensic pathology - Dental pathology Gross examination - Histopathology - Immunohistochemistry - Electron microscopy - Immunofluorescence - Fluorescent in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry - Hematopathology - Transfusion medicine - Medical microbiology - Diagnostic immunology - Immunopathology Enzyme assay - Mass spectrometry - Chromatography - Flow cytometry - Blood bank - Microbiological culture - Serology v d e Health science Medicine Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Anesthesiology · Cardiac surgery · Cardiothoracic surgery · General surgery · Neurosurgery · Oral and maxillofacial surgery · Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery · Otolaryngology ENT · Pediatric surgery · Plastic surgery · Surgical oncology · Thoracic surgery · Transplant surgery · Trauma surgery · Urology · Vascular surgery Internal medicine Cardiology · Endocrinology · Gastroenterology · Hematology · Hepatology · Infectious diseases · Intensive care medicine · Nephrology · Oncology · Proctology · Pulmonology · Rheumatology Diagnostic Clinical laboratory sciences Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology, Transfusion medicine · Radiology Interventional radiology, Nuclear Medicine · Pathology Anatomical, Clinical · Clinical neurophysiology Other specialties Allergy and immunology · Dermatology · Disaster medicine · Emergency medicine · General practice · Geriatrics · Neurology · Obstetrics and gynaecology Fertility medicine, Reproductive medicine · Andrology · Occupational medicine · Ophthalmology · Palliative care · Pediatrics · Physical medicine and rehabilitation Physiatry · Preventive medicine Public health · Psychiatry · Sleep medicine Other Epidemiology · History of medicine · Hospital medicine · Medical education · Medical genetics · Medical school · Osteopathic medicine · Pharmacy · Physician MD and DO · Physician Assistant · Sports medicine · Medical fiction v d e Major subfields of biology Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry · Bioinformatics · Biostatistics · Botany · Cell biology · Chronobiology · Developmental biology · Ecology · Epidemiology · Evolutionary biology · Genetics · Genomics · Human biology · Immunology · Marine biology · Microbiology · Molecular biology · Neuroscience · Nutrition · Origin of life · Paleontology · Parasitology · Pathology · Physiology · Systems biology · Taxonomy · Zoology Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pathology Categories: Phytopathology | Plant pathogens and diseases | Agronomy | Microbiology | Pathology | Medical specialties | Biology | Subjects taught in medical schoolHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since January 2007 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina Basa Sunda Suomi Tiếng Việt العربية Asturianu Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar МакедонÑ?ки Bahasa Melayu Myanmasa Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 22 August 2008, at 09:39
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