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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Personality disorder Personality disorder, formerly referred to as a Character Disorder, is a class of mental disorders characterized by rigid and on-going patterns of thought and action Cognitive modules. The underlying belief systems informing these patterns are referred to as fixed fantasies or dysfunctional schemata. The inflexibility and pervasiveness of these behavioral patterns often cause serious personal and social difficulties, as well as a general functional impairment. Personality disorders are defined by the American Psychiatric Association APA as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it. 1 These patterns, as noted, are inflexible and pervasive across many situations, due in large part to the fact that such behavior is ego-syntonic i.e., the patterns are consistent with the ego integrity of the individual, and therefore, perceived to be appropriate by that individual. The onset of these patterns of behavior can typically be traced back to late adolescence and the beginning of adulthood, and, in rare instances, childhood. 1 Personality disorders are also defined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10 which is published by the World Health Organization. Personality disorders are categorized in ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders, specifically under Mental and behavioral disorders: 28F60-F69.29 Disorders of adult personality and behavior. It is seeking to develop an international diagnostic system. The ICD-10 has been structured in part to mesh the DSM's multiaxial system and diagnostic formats.2 Contents 1 DSM-IV-TR criteria 1.1 General diagnostic criteria 2 List of personality disorders defined in the DSM 3 List of personality disorders defined in ICD-10 F60-F69 4 Revisions and exclusions from past DSM ions 5 History 6 Studies on clusters 7 References 8 Further reading 9 See also 10 External links DSM-IV-TR criteria Personality disorders are noted on Axis II of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV-TR fourth ion, text revision, of the American Psychiatric Association. General diagnostic criteria This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. July 2008 Diagnosis of a personality disorder must satisfy the following general criteria in addition to the specific criteria listed under the specific personality disorder under consideration. A. Experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two or more of the following areas: cognition perception and interpretation of self, others and events affect the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response interpersonal functioning impulse control B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. E. The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition such as head injury. People under 18 years old who fit the criteria of a personality disorder are usually not diagnosed with such a disorder, although they may be diagnosed with a related disorder. In order to diagnose an individual under the age of 18 with a personality disorder, symptoms must be present for at least one year. Antisocial personality disorder, by definition, cannot be diagnosed at all in persons under 18. List of personality disorders defined in the DSM The DSM-IV lists ten personality disorders, grouped into three clusters. The DSM also contains a category for behavioral patterns that do not match these ten disorders, but nevertheless exhibit characteristics of a personality disorder. This category is labeled Personality Disorder NOS Not Otherwise Specified. Cluster A odd or eccentric disorders Paranoid personality disorder: characterized by irrational suspicions and mistrust of others Schizoid personality disorder: lack of interest in social relationships, seeing no point in sharing time with others Schizotypal personality disorder: also avoids social relationships, though out of a fear of people Cluster B dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders Antisocial personality disorder: pervasive disregard for the law and the rights of others. Borderline personality disorder: extreme black and white thinking, instability in relationships, self-image, identity and behavior Histrionic personality disorder: pervasive attention-seeking behavior including inappropriate sexual seductiveness and shallow or exaggerated emotions Narcissistic personality disorder: a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy Cluster C anxious or fearful disorders Avoidant personality disorder: social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction Dependent personality disorder: pervasive psychological dependence on other people. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder not the same as Obsessive-compulsive disorder: characterized by rigid conformity to rules, moral codes, and excessive orderliness List of personality disorders defined in ICD-10 F60-F69 F60. Specific personality disorders F60.0 Paranoid personality disorder F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder F60.2 Dissocial personality disorder F60.3 Emotionally unstable personality disorder F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder F60.5 Anankastic personality disorder F60.6 Anxious avoidant personality disorder F60.7 Dependent personality disorder F60.8 Other specific personality disorders Revisions and exclusions from past DSM ions The revision of the previous ion of the DSM, DSM-III-R, also contained the Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder, the Self-Defeating Personality Disorder, and the Sadistic Personality Disorder. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder is a pattern of negative attitudes and passive resistance in interpersonal situations. Self-defeating personality disorder is characterised by behaviour that consequently undermines the person's pleasure and goals. Sadistic Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of cruel, demeaning, and aggressive behavior. These categories were removed in the current version of the DSM, because it is questionable whether these are separate disorders. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder and Depressive personality disorder were placed in an appendix of DSM-IV for research purposes. History The concept of personality descriptions goes back to the ancient Greeks.2 Studies on clusters A study of almost 600 male college students, averaging almost 30 years of age and who were not drawn from a clinical sample, examined the relationship between childhood experiences of sexual and physical abuse and presently reported personality disorder symptoms. Childhood abuse histories were found to be definitively associated with greater levels of symptomatology. Severity of abuse was found to be statistically significant, but clinically negligible, in symptomatology variance spread over Cluster A, B and C scales.3 Child abuse and neglect consistently evidence themselves as antecedent risks to the development of personality disorders in adulthood.citation needed In this particular study, efforts were taken to match retrospective reports of abuse with a clinical population that had demonstrated psychopathology from childhood to adulthood who were later found to have experienced abuse and neglect. The sexually abused group demonstrated the most consistently elevated patterns of psychopathology. Officially verified physical abuse showed an extremely strong role in the development of antisocial and impulsive behavior. On the other hand, cases of abuse of the neglectful type that created childhood pathology were found to be subject to partial remission in adulthood.4 In 2005, psychologists Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the University of Surrey, UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal psychiatric patients at Broadmoor Hospital in the UK. They found that three out of eleven personality disorders were actually more common in managers than in the disturbed criminals: histrionic personality disorder: including superficial charm, insincerity, egocentricity and manipulation narcissistic personality disorder: including grandiosity, self-focused lack of empathy for others, exploitativeness and independence. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: including perfectionism, excessive devotion to work, rigidity, stubbornness and dictatorial tendencies. They described the business people as successful psychopaths and the criminals as unsuccessful psychopaths. 5 References ^ a b Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ^ a b Million, Theodore; Roger D. Davis 1996. Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., p. 226. ISBN 0-471-01186-x. ^ http://www.ingentaselect.com/vl=2446665/cl=50/nw=1/rpsv/cw/sage/08862605/contp1.htm Miller and Lisak. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. June 1999 ^ Cohen, Patricia, Brown, Jocelyn, Smailes, Elizabeth. Child Abuse and Neglect and the Development of Mental Disorders in the General Population Development and Psychopathology. 2001. Vol 13, No 4, pp981-999. ISSN 0954-5794 ^ Board, B.J. Fritzon, Katarina, F. 2005. Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 17-32 Further reading American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. text revision. DSM-IV-TR. Arlington, VA. Häcker, H. O. Stapf 2004. Dorsch Psychologisches Wörterbuch, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern Klausch, Tasja 2006. Articles about personality disorders. Web4Health 2006. Marshall, W. Serin, R. 1997 Personality Disorders. In Sm.M. Turner R. Hersen Eds. Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis. New York: Wiley. 508-541 Million, Theodore and Roger D. Davis, contributor - Disorders of Personality: DSM IV and Beyond - 2nd ed. - New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1995 ISBN 0-471-01186-X Fatal Flaws: Navigating Destructive Relationships With People With Disorders of Personality and Character, by Stuart C. Yudofsky, M.D. ISBN 1-58562-214-1 See also Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy Anxiety disorder Mood disorder God complex Personality psychology Psychopathy Eccentricity Depression List of Personality disorders Dissocial personality disorder External links The Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology the official website for Theodore Million, Ph.D., D.Sc. Personality Disorders Foundation National Personality Disorder website for England Overview of personality disorders An exercise for students which illustrates behaviour that is typical of people with various personality disorders National Mental Health Association Personality Disorder Fact Sheet Personality Disorder test Personality Disorders Motivation and Weapons Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire PDQ web site On-line test based on the PDQ-4 Personality disorders and dual diagnosis v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering v d e DSM-IV Personality Disorders Cluster A Odd Schizotypal, Schizoid, Paranoid Cluster B Dramatic Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic Cluster C Anxious Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, Avoidant Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Personality_disorder Categories: Personality disorders | Abnormal psychologyHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Boarisch Dansk Deutsch Español Ù?ارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 23:31
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