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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Grapefruit Redirected from Pink grapefruit This article is about the citrus fruit. For the Sixties pop band, see Grapefruit band. Grapefruit Grapefruit Grapefruit Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. × paradisi Binomial name Citrus × paradisi Macfad. The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree grown for its fruit which was originally named the forbidden fruit of Barbados.1 These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m. The leaves are dark green, long up to 150 mm and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petalled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned, largely oblate and ranges in diameter from 10-15 cm . The flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink and red pulps of varying sweetness. The 1929 US Ruby Red of the Redblush variety has the first grapefruit patent.2 The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with orchards in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California. In Spanish, the fruit is known as toronja or pomelo. Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Colors and flavors 4 Drug interactions 5 Nutritional properties 6 Grapefruit sweets 7 Other uses 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The fruit was first documented in 1750 by the Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from Barbados.3 Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the Seven Wonders of Barbados.4 It had developed as a hybrid of the pomelo Citrus maxima with the sweet orange Citrus sinensis, though it is closer to the former.5 It was brought to Florida by Odette Philippe in 1823. Further crosses have produced the tangelo 1905, the minneola 1931, and the sweetie 1984. The sweetie has very small genetic and other differences from pomelo. The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the 1800s. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to grapes. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi.67 The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. Only with Ruby Red the grapefruit transformed into a real agricultural fruit. The Red grapefruit, starting from the Ruby Red, has even become a symbol fruit of Texas, where white inferior grapefruit were eliminated and only red grapefruit were grown for decades. Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to pink,8 with Rio Red is the current 2007 Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. Production Grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005 Grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005 The United States of America is the top producer of grapefruit and pomelo followed by China and Mexico. Top Ten Grapefruit and Pomelo Milk Producers - 2005 Country Production Int $1000 Footnote Production MT Footnote Flag of the United States United States 155,940 C 914,440 Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China 57,128 C 443,000 F Flag of Mexico Mexico 43,947 C 257,711 F Flag of Israel Israel 42,632 C 250,000 F Flag of Cuba Cuba 38,540 C 226,000 F Flag of South Africa South Africa 36,212 C 212,348 Flag of Argentina Argentina 28,990 C 170,000 F Flag of Turkey Turkey 25,580 C 150,000 Flag of India India 24,215 C 142,000 F Flag of Tunisia Tunisia 12,278 C 72,000 F No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision Colors and flavors Grapefruit mercaptan Grapefruit mercaptan Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.9 The most popular varieties cultivated today are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the inside, pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.9 Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.10 Drug interactions Main article: List of drugs affected by grapefruit Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with drugs, often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains naringin, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin, which inhibit the protein isoform CYP3A4 in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a variety of drugs.1112131415 The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.16 Grapefruit juice may be the first documented, but apple and orange juices have been also implicated in interfering with etoposide, a chemotherapy drug, some beta blocker drugs used to treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine, taken by transplant patients to prevent rejection of their new organs. 17 Nutritional properties Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas Nutritional value per 100 g 3.5 oz Energy 30 kcal 140 kJ Carbohydrates 8.41 g - Sugars 7.31 g - Dietary fiber 1.1 g Fat 0.10 g Protein 0.69 g Water 90.48 g Thiamin Vit. B1 0.037 mg 3% Riboflavin Vit. B2 0.020 mg 1% Niacin Vit. B3 0.269 mg 2% Pantothenic acid B5 0.283 mg 6% Vitamin B6 0.043 mg 3% Folate Vit. B9 10 μg 3% Vitamin C 33.3 mg 56% Calcium 12 mg 1% Iron 0.06 mg 0% Magnesium 9 mg 2% Phosphorus 8 mg 1% Potassium 148 mg 3% Zinc 0.07 mg 1% Manganese 0.013 mg Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database Grapefruit is an excellent source of many nutrients and phytochemicals, able to contribute to a healthy diet. Grapefruit is a good source of vitamin C,918 pectin fiber,19 and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene.920 Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol921 and there is evidence that the seeds have high levels of antioxidant properties.22 Grapefruit forms a core part of the grapefruit diet, the theory being that the fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.23 Grapefruit seed extract has been claimed to be a strong antimicrobial with proven activity against bacteria and fungi. However, studies have shown the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial is not demonstrated. Although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies indicate the universal antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives.2425262728 A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. The study points to the inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme by grapefruit, which metabolizes estrogen.29 Grapefruit sweets In Costa Rica, specially in Atenas, grapefruits are cooked in a way that removes their sourness, and renders them as sweets, they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a toronja rellena stuffed grapefruit, which is considered a dessert. Other uses Grapefruit peel oil is used in aromatherapy and it is historically known for its aromatic scent.30 Grapefruit has also been investigated in cancer medicine pharmacodynamics. Although it inhibits some pharmaceutical metabolism, seen as a generally bad idea, some cancer drugs can be used at a lower dose, because of inhibited metabolism. This requires less amount, which, in principle, can reduce the overall cost of an effective dose.31 See also Grapefruit juice Grapefruit spoon Pomelo References ^ Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Miami, Fla: J.F. Morton. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0. ^ Texas grapefruit history, TexaSweet. Retrieved 2008-07-02. ^ World Wide Words: Questions Answers; Grapefruit. Abstract ^ Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. Abstract ^ Wainwright, Martin 2004-12-24. Apple and grape give birth to Grapple. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. The process follows similar fruity marriages, such as the accidental crossing of a pomelo fruit from the East Indies with a Jamaican orange in 1693, which gave the world the grapefruit. ^ Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. Article ^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. Fact SheetPDF ^ Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation. Retrieved on 2008-02-23. ^ a b c d e The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. The George Mateljan Foundation. Article ^ A. Buettner, P. Schieberle 1999. Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macfayden. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 5189-5193. doi:10.1021/jf990071l. ^ He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF 1998. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11 4: 252-9. doi:10.1021/tx970192k. PMID 9548795. ^ Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD 1998. Grapefruit juice-drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46 2: 101-10. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. PMID 9723817. ^ Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK 1998. Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64 3: 286-8. doi:10.1016/S0009-92369890177-1. PMID 9757152. ^ Bailey DG, Dresser GK 2004. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 4 5: 281-97. doi:10.2165/00129784-200404050-00002. PMID 15449971. ^ Bressler R 2006. Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs. Geriatrics 61 11: 12-8. PMID 17112309. ^ Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. New York Times. Published: March 21, 2006. Article ^ BBC News:Fruit juice 'could affect drugs' ^ Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS. Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990 Aug;908:1079-84. Abstract ^ Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW. The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle. Clin Cardiol. 1988 Sep;119:589-94. Abstract ^ Lee HS. Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 May;485:1507-11. Abstract ^ Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol. 2000 Spring;32:83-87. Abstract ^ Armando, C., Maythe, S., Beatriz, N. P. Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1997 Dec;774:463-467. Abstract ^ WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit Compound Lowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. Article ^ Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T. Analysis of components in natural food additive grapefruit seed extract by HPLC and LC/MS. Bull. Natl. Inst. Health Sci. 1996, 114:38-42. Abstract ^ von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Julich WD. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie 1999 54:452-456. Abstract ^ Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N. Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 497:3316-20. Abstract ^ Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA. Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 5319:7630-6. Abstract ^ Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H. Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract. Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 May 31;5411:3768-72. Abstract ^ Monroe, KR; Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, Pike MC 2007. Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. British Journal of Cancer 97: 440. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603880. PMID 17622247. E-published before print; news article ^ Ann Worwood, Valerie. The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy Paperback. New World Library 1991. ISBN 0-93143-282-0 ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/560026 External links Grapefruit from Fruits of warm climates by Julia F. Morton. Grapefruit Utensils-Grapefruit Knife Grapefruit Spoon Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Grapefruit Categories: Grapefruit | Citrus | Fruit | Flora of Barbados | Tropical agriculture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bân-lâm-gú Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Nouormand Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 25 August 2008, at 01:02
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