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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Pomegranate Pomegranate Fruit of pomegranate Fruit of pomegranate Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Myrtales Family: Lythraceae Genus: Punica Species: P. granatum Binomial name Punica granatum L. The pomegranate Punica granatum is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight metres tall. The pomegranate is native to the region from Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan and has been cultivated and naturalized over the whole Merranean region and the Caucasus since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Turkey, the drier parts of southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, the East Indies, and tropical Africa. Introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769, pomegranate is now cultivated in parts of California and Arizona for juice production. 12 In the functional food industry, pomegranate is included in a novel category of exotic fruits called superfruits3. In the Northern Hemisphere, the fruit is typically in season from September to January.4 In the Southern Hemisphere, it is in season from March to May. Contents 1 Foliage and fruit 2 Etymology 3 Origin, cultivation and uses 3.1 Culinary use 3.2 Potential health benefits 3.2.1 Clinical trial rationale and activity 4 Pomegranates and symbolism 4.1 Judaism 4.2 Christianity 4.3 Islam 4.4 Greece and Greek mythology 5 Other 6 References 6.1 Further reading 7 External links Foliage and fruit Illustration by Otto Wilhelm Thomé, 1885 Illustration by Otto Wilhelm Thomé, 1885 Pomegranate flowers and leaves Pomegranate flowers and leaves The leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3-7 cm long and 2 cm broad. The flowers are bright red, 3 cm in diameter, with four to five petals often more on cultivated plants. The fruit is between a lemon and a grapefruit in size, 5-12 cm in diameter with a rounded hexagonal shape, and has thick reddish skin and around 600 seeds.5 The seeds and surrounding pulp, ranging in colour from white to deep red, called arils, are edible; indeed, the fruit of the pomegranate is a berry. There are some cultivars which have been introduced that have a range of pulp colours such as purple. Punica granatum nana is a dwarf variety of P. granatum popularly used as Bonsai trees and as a patio plant. The only other species in the genus Punica is the Socotran pomegranate Punica protopunica, which is endemic to the island of Socotra. It differs in having pink not red flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit. Pomegranates are drought tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Merranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. In wetter areas, they are prone to root decay from fungal diseases. They are tolerant of moderate frost, down to about -10°C 14°F. Etymology Pomegranate, aril only Nutritional value per 100 g 3.5 oz Energy 70 kcal 290 kJ Carbohydrates 17.17 g - Sugars 16.57 g - Dietary fiber 0.6 g Fat 0.3 g Protein 0.95 g Thiamin Vit. B1 0.030 mg 2% Riboflavin Vit. B2 0.063 mg 4% Niacin Vit. B3 0.300 mg 2% Pantothenic acid B5 0.596 mg 12% Vitamin B6 0.105 mg 8% Folate Vit. B9 6 μg 2% Vitamin C 6.1 mg 10% Calcium 3 mg 0% Iron 0.30 mg 2% Magnesium 3 mg 1% Phosphorus 8 mg 1% Potassium 259 mg 6% Zinc 0.12 mg 1% Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database The name pomegranate derives from Latin pomum apple and granatus seeded. This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages e.g. German Granatapfel, seeded apple. The genus name Punica is named for the Phoenicians, who were active in broadening its cultivation, partly for religious reasons. In classical Latin, where malum was broadly applied to many apple-like fruits, the pomegranate's name was malum punicum or malum granatum, the latter giving rise to the Italian name melograno, or less commonly melagrana. A widespread root for pomegranate comes from the Ancient Egyptian rmn, from which derive the Hebrew rimmôn, and Arabic rummân. This root was given by Arabs to other languages, including Portuguese romã6, Kabyle rrumman and Maltese rummien. The pomegranate 'rimmôn' is mentioned in the Bible as one of the seven fruits/plants that Israel was blessed with, and in Hebrew, 'rimmôn' is also the name of the weapon now called the grenade. According to Webster's New Spanish-English Dictionary, granada, the Spanish word for pomegranate, could also mean grenade. According to the OED, the word grenade originated about 1532 from the French name for the pomegranate, la grenade. La grenade also gives us the word grenadine, the name of a kind of fruit syrup, originally made from pomegranates, which is widely used as a cordial and in cocktails. Origin, cultivation and uses Pomegranate leaves Pomegranate leaves Young Pomegranate tree Young Pomegranate tree The pomegranate originated in Persia and has been cultivated in Georgia, Armenia and the Merranean region for several millennia.7 In Georgia, and Armenia to the east of the Black Sea, there are wild pomegranate groves outside of ancient abandoned settlements. The cultivation of the pomegranate has a long history in Armenia, where decayed remains of pomegranates dating back to 1000 BC have been found. 8 Carbonized exocarp of the fruit has been identified in Early Bronze Age levels of Jericho, as well as Late Bronze Age levels of Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus and Tirynscitation needed. A large, dry pomegranate was found in the tomb of Djehuty, the butler of Queen Hatshepsut; Mesopotamian cuneiform records mention pomegranates from the mid-Third millennium BC onwards.9 It is also extensively grown in South China and in Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the route of the Silk Road or brought by sea traders. The ancient city of Granada in Spain was renamed after the fruit during the Moorish period. Spanish colonists later introduced the fruit to the Caribbean and Latin America, but in the English colonies it was less at home: Don't use the pomegranate inhospitably, a stranger that has come so far to pay his respects to thee, the English Quaker Peter Collinson wrote to the botanizing John Bartram in Philadelphia, 1762. Plant it against the side of thy house, nail it close to the wall. In this manner it thrives wonderfully with us, and flowers beautifully, and bears fruit this hot year. I have twenty-four on one tree... Doctor Fothergill says, of all trees this is most salutiferous to mankind.10 The pomegranate had been introduced as an exotic to England the previous century, by John Tradescant the elder, but the disappointment that it did not set fruit there led to its repeated introduction to the American colonies, even New England. It succeeded in the South: Bartram received a barrel of pomegranates and oranges from a correspondent in Charleston, South Carolina, 1764. Thomas Jefferson planted pomegranates at Monticello in 1771: he had them from George Wythe of Williamsburg.11 Culinary use It has been suggested that Pomegranate juice be merged into this article or section. Discuss Pomegranate fruit, opened Pomegranate fruit, opened Pomegranate arils Pomegranate arils A bowl of ash-e anar, a Persian soup made with pomegranate juice. A bowl of ash-e anar, a Persian soup made with pomegranate juice. After opening the pomegranate by scoring it with a knife and breaking it open, the arils seed casings are separated from the peel and internal white pulp membranes. Separating the red arils is simplified by performing this task in a bowl of water, whereby arils sink and pulp floats. The entire seed is consumed raw, though the watery, tasty aril is the desired part. The taste differs depending on subspecies of pomegranate and its ripeness. It can be very sweet or sour, but most fruits are moderate in taste, with sour notes from the acidic tannins contained in the aril juice. Having begun wide distribution in the United States and Canada in 2002, pomegranate juice has long been a popular drink in Middle Eastern and Indian cuisine where it particularly is used in preparation of curd rice telugu or dadhojanam of Andhra Pradesh, India.12 Grenadine syrup is thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice used in cocktail mixing. Before tomato arrived in the Middle East, grenadine was widely used in many Iranian foods and is still found in traditional recipes such as fesenjan, a thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts, usually spooned over duck or other poultry and rice, and in ash-e anar pomegranate soup.13 Wild pomegranate seeds are sometimes used as a spice known as anardana which literally means pomegranate anar seeds dana in Persian, most notably in Indian and Pakistani cuisine but also as a replacement for pomegranate syrup in Middle Eastern cuisine. As a result of this, the dried whole seeds can often be obtained in ethnic markets. The seeds are separated from the flesh, dried for 10-15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry production. Seeds may also be ground in order to avoid becoming stuck in teeth when eating dishes containing them. Seeds of the wild pomegranate daru from the Himalayas are regarded as quality sources for this spice. In the Caucasus, pomegranate is used mainly as juice.14 In Turkey, pomegranate sauce, Turkish: nar ekÅŸisi is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink straight. Pomegranate seeds are also used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as güllaç.15 Pomegranate syrup or molasses is used in muhammara, a roasted red pepper, walnut, and garlic spread popular in Syria and Turkey.16 In Azerbaijan pomegranate is used to make high-quality wine, some of which is exported. In Greece, pomegranate Greek: Ï?οδι, rodi is used in many recipes, including kollivozoumi, a creamy broth made from boiled wheat, pomegranates and raisins, legume salad with wheat and pomegranate, traditional Middle Eastern lamb kebabs with pomegranate glaze, pomegranate eggplant relish, and avocado-pomegranate dip. Pomegranate is also made into a liqueur and popular fruit confectionery used as ice cream topping or mixed with yogurt or spread as jam on toast. In Cyprus as well as in Greece and among the Greek Orthodox Diaspora , Ï?οδι is used to make kolliva, a mixture of wheat, pomegranate seeds, sugar, almonds and other seeds served at memorial services. Potential health benefits Pomegranates from eastern Afghanistan packaged for export to Dubai. Pomegranates from eastern Afghanistan packaged for export to Dubai. Pomegranate aril juice provides about 16% of an adult's daily vitamin C requirement per 100 ml serving, and is a good source of vitamin B5 pantothenic acid, potassium and antioxidant polyphenols.17 The most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice are the hydrolyzable tannins called punicalagins which have free-radical scavenging properties.18 Punicalagins are absorbed into the human body and may have dietary value as antioxidants.1920 Many food and dietary supplement makers have found advantages of using pomegranate phenolic extracts instead of the juice as ingredients in their products. Many pomegranate extracts are essentially ellagic acid which may absorb into the body only after parent molecule polyphenolic punicalagins are consumed. In preliminary laboratory research and human pilot studies, juice of the pomegranate has been found effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation,21 all of which are steps in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Tannins such as punicalagins have been identified as the primary components responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress which led to these risk factors.22 Pomegranate has been shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE.23 Containing polyphenols which inhibit estrogen synthesis, pomegranate seed oil was effective against proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro.24 The juice may also have antiviral25 and antibacterial effects against dental plaque.26 Clinical trial rationale and activity Metabolites of pomegranate juice ellagitannins localize specifically in the prostate gland, colon and intestinal tissues of mice,27 leading to speculation that pomegranate juice or fruit extracts may be effective against prostate cancer, lung cancer2829 or osteoarthritis.3031 In 2008, 10 clinical trials in the United States, Israel and Norway were underway to examine the effects of pomegranate juice consumption on various diseases, such as prostate cancer or prostatic hyperplasia, diabetes or lymphoma.32 Nine studies have not concluded April 2008 but interim reports released to the public media were that pomegranate juice may slow onset or development of prostate cancer above. Additionally, a 461 patient phase III clinical study of the potential benefits of 16 weeks of consuming pomegranate juice concentrate against the influenza virus and common cold completed in June 2007, with no results yet reported.33 Pomegranates and symbolism Judaism Exodus 28:33-34 directed that images of pomegranates be woven onto the hem of the me'il robe of the ephod, a robe worn by the Hebrew High Priest. 1 Kings 7:13-22 describes pomegranates depicted on the capitals of the two pilars Jachin and Boaz which stood in front of the temple King Solomon built in Jerusalem. It is said that Solomon designed his coronet based on the pomegranate's crown calyx.34 Jewish tradition teaches that the pomegranate is a symbol for righteousness, because it is said to have 613 seeds which corresponds with the 613 mitzvot or commandments of the Torah. However, the actual number of seeds varies with individual fruits.35 For this reason and others, many Jews eat pomegranates on Rosh Hashanah. It is also a symbol of fruitfulness.36 The pomegranate is one of the few images which appear on ancient coins of Judea as a holy symbol, and today many Torah scrolls are stored while not in use with a pair of decorative hollow silver pomegranates rimmonim placed over the two upper scroll handles. Some Jewish scholars believe that it was the pomegranate, not the apple, that was the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden.36 Pomegranate is one of the Seven Species Hebrew: שבעת ×”×ž×™× ×™×?, Shiv'at Ha-Minim, the types of fruits and grains enumerated in the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 8:8 as being special products of the Land of Israel. Detail from Madonna of the Pomegranate by Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1487 Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Detail from Madonna of the Pomegranate by Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1487 Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Christianity For the same reasons, pomegranates are a motif found in Christian religious decoration. They are often woven into the fabric of vestments and liturgical hangings or wrought in metalwork. Pomegranates figure in many religious paintings by the likes of Sandro Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, often in the hands of the Virgin Mary or the infant Jesus. The fruit, broken or bursting open, is a symbol of the fullness of his suffering and resurrection.36 In the Eastern Orthodox Church, pomegranate seeds may be used in kolyva, a dish prepared for memorial services, as a symbol of the sweetness of the heavenly kingdom. Islam According to the Qur'an, pomegranates grow in the gardens of paradise 55:068. According to Islamic tradition, every seed of a pomegranate must be eaten, because one can't be sure which aril came from paradise. The Prophet Mohammed is said to have encouraged his followers to eat pomegranates to ward off envy and hatred.36 The Qur'an also mentions 6:99, 6:141 pomegranates twice as examples of good things God creates. Greece and Greek mythology The wild pomegranate did not grow natively in the Aegean area in Neolithic times. It originated in eastern Iran and came to the Aegean world along the same cultural pathways that brought the goddess whom the Anatolians worshipped as Cybele and the Mesopotamians as Ishtar. The myth of Persephone, the chthonic goddess of the Underworld, also prominently features the pomegranate. In one version of Greek mythology, Persephone was kidnapped by Hades and taken off to live in the underworld as his wife. Her mother, Demeter goddess of the Harvest, went into mourning for her lost daughter and thus all green things ceased to grow. Zeus, the highest ranking of the Greek gods, could not leave the Earth to die, so he commanded Hades to return Persephone. It was the rule of the Fates that anyone who consumed food or drink in the Underworld was doomed to spend eternity there. Persephone had no food, but Hades tricked her into eating four pomegranate seeds while she was still his prisoner and so, because of this, she was condemned to spend four months in the Underworld every year. During these four months, when Persephone is sitting on the throne of the Underworld next to her husband Hades, her mother Demeter mourns and no longer gives fertility to the earth. This became an ancient Greek explanation for the seasons. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting Persephona depicts Persephone holding the fatal fruit. It should be noted that the number of seeds that Persephone ate varies, depending on which version of the story is told. The number of seeds she is said to have eaten ranges from three to seven, which accounts for just one barren season if it is just three or four seeds, or two barren seasons half the year if she ate six or seven seeds. There is no set number. The pomegranate also evoked the presence of the Aegean Triple Goddess who evolved into the Olympian Hera, who is sometimes represented offering the pomegranate, as in the Polykleitos' cult image of the Argive Heraion see below. According to Carl A. P. Ruck and Danny Staples, the chambered pomegranate is also a surrogate for the poppy's narcotic capsule, with its comparable shape and chambered interior.37 On a Mycenaean seal illustrated in Joseph Campbell's Occidental Mythology 1964, figure 19, the seated Goddess of the double-headed axe the labrys offers three poppy pods in her right hand and supports her breast with her left. She embodies both aspects of the dual goddess, life-giving and death-dealing at once. The Titan Orion was represented as marrying Side, a name that in Boeotia means pomegranate, thus consecrating the primal hunter to the Goddess. Other Greek dialects call the pomegranate rhoa; its possible connection with the name of the earth goddess Rhea, inexplicable in Greek, proved suggestive for the mythographer Karl Kerenyi, who suggested that the consonance might ultimately derive from a deeper, pre-Indo-European language layer. Pomegranate - opened up Pomegranate - opened up In the 6th century BC, Polykleitos took ivory and gold to sculpt the seated Argive Hera in her temple. She held a scepter in one hand and offered a pomegranate, like a 'royal orb', in the other. About the pomegranate I must say nothing, whispered the traveller Pausanias in the 2nd century, for its story is something of a mystery. Indeed, in the Orion story we hear that Hera cast pomegranate-Side an ancient city in Antalya into dim Erebus - for daring to rival Hera's beauty, which forms the probable point of connection with the older Osiris/Isis story. Since the ancient Egyptians identified the Orion constellation in the sky as Sah the soul of Osiris, the identification of this section of the myth seems relatively complete. Hera wears, not a wreath nor a tiara nor a diadem, but clearly the calyx of the pomegranate that has become her serrated crown. The pomegranate has a calyx shaped like a crown. In Jewish tradition it has been seen as the original design for the proper crown.34 In some artistic depictions, the pomegranate is found in the hand of Mary, mother of Jesus. In modern times the pomegranate still holds strong symbolic meanings for the Greeks. On important days in the Greek Orthodox calendar, such as the Presentation of the Virgin Mary and on Christmas Day, it is traditional to have at the dinner table polysporia, also known by their ancient name panspermia, in some regions of Greece. In ancient times they were offered to Demetercitation needed and to the other gods for fertile land, for the spirits of the dead and in honor of compassionate Dionysus. When one buys a new home, it is conventional for a house guest to bring as a first gift a pomegranate, which is placed under/near the ikonostasi home altar of the house, as a symbol of abundance, fertility and good luck. Pomegranates are also prominent at Greek weddings and funerals. When Greeks commemorate their dead, they make kollyva as offerings, which consist of boiled wheat, mixed with sugar and decorated with pomegranate. It is also traditional in Greece to break a pomegranate on the ground at weddings and on New Years. Pomegranate decorations for the home are very common in Greece and sold in most homegoods stores.38 Other Tree of the white pomegranate Tree of the white pomegranate The pomegranate is the symbol and heraldic device of the city of Granada in Andalusia, Spain. Pomegranate is one of the symbols of Armenia, representing fertility, abundance and marriage. It is the official logo of many cities in Turkey. Pomegranate juice is used for natural dyeing of non-synthetic fabrics. Although not native to China, Korea or Japan, the pomegranate is widely grown there and many cultivars have been developed. It is widely used for bonsai because of its flowers and for the unusual twisted bark that older specimens can attain. Balaustines, the red rose-like flowers of the pomegranate, taste bitter and may be used as an astringent in folk medicine.39 The term balaustine Latin: balaustinus is also used for a pomegranate-red color.40 In Mexico, pomegranate seeds are an essential ingredient of chiles en nogada, a favored food symbolizing the red component of the national flag. Kandahar is famous in Afghanistan for its high quality pomegranates. Pomegranate is displayed on coins from the ancient city of Side, Pamphylia41. References ^ Fletcher A. Super fruits set to dominate flavour market, FoodNavigator.com-Europe, March 20061 ^ Staff Reporter. Fresh, super and organic top trends for 2008, FoodNavigator.com-USA, November 2007 2 ^ Gross PM. Tracking market meteors: exotic superfruits, Natural Products Insider, November 20073 ^ LaRue, James H. 1980. Growing Pomegranates in California. California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. ^ How many seeds does a pomegranate have? statistical analysis, demonstrating parietal placentation. ^ Habeeb Salloum Arabian Memories in Portugal ^ S. D. Doijode, Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops, p. 77 ^ The pomegranate in mythology ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third ion Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 171. ^ Quoted in Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: For Use or for Delight, University of Massachusetts, 1986, p. 242. ^ Leighton, American Gardens, p. 272. ^ Pomegranates Gain The Spotlight ^ Ash-e Anar ^ Bulletin - Page 52 by United States Bureau of Plant Industry, Division of Plant Industry, Queensland ^ Akgün, Müge 2006-09-22. Güllaç, a dainty and light dessert, Turkish Daily News, Istanbul: DYH. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. ^ Malouf, Greg and Lucy 2006. Saha. Australia: Hardie Grant Books, 46. ISBN 0794604900. ^ 4 Nutrition data ^ 5 Gross PM. Pomegranate punicalagins ^ Seeram NP, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Suchard M, Li Z, Heber D. Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours. J Nutr. 2006 Oct;13610:2481-5. ^ Mertens-Talcott SU, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Rios J, Hingorani L, Derendorf H. Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate Punica granatum l. polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in healthy human volunteers. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 15;5423:8956-61. ^ 6 7 8 ^ 9 Gross PM. Pomegranate punicalagins ^ Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure Atherosclerosis 2001 Sep;1581:195-8 ^ Kim ND et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate Punica granatum for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002 Feb;713:203-17. 9 January 2008 ^ Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY, Debnath AK 2004. Punica granatum Pomegranate juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide. BMC Infect. Dis. 4: 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-4-41. PMID 15485580. ^ Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS 2006. Punica granatum pomegranate extract is active against dental plaque. Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy 6 2: 79-92. doi:10.1300/J157v06n02_07. PMID 17182487. ^ Seeram NP, Aronson WJ, Zhang Y et al. Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 19;5519:7732-7. Abstract ^ Can pomegranates prevent prostate cancer? A new study offers promise 26 September 2005 ^ BBC Juice 'can slow prostate cancer' 1 July 2006 ^ Pomegranate Fruit Shown To Slow Cartilage Deterioration In Osteoarthritis ^ Khan N, Afaq F, Kweon MH, Kim K, Mukhtar H. Oral consumption of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 2007 Apr;677:3475-82.Abstract ^ 10 NIH-listed human clinical trials on pomegranate ^ Pomegranate Products for Prevention of Common Cold 11 ^ a b Parashat Tetzaveh, Commentary by Peninnah Schram, Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New York ^ Alexander Haubold, How many seeds does a pomegranate have? And does a larger pomegranate yield proportionally more seed volume? ^ a b c d A Pomegranate for All Religions by Nancy Haught, Religious News Service ^ Ruck and Staples, The World of Classical Myth, 1994. ^ Christmas Traditions in Greece by folklorist Thornton B. Edwards ^ History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences... ^ Pavey, Don and Roy Osborne. 2003. On Colours 1528: A Translation from Latin. ISBN 1-58112-580-1 ^ Greek Coins and their values, David R. Sear. Further reading Graham, S. A., J. Hall, K. Sytsma S. Shi. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 166: 995-1017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Punica_granatum Wikibooks Wikibooks' Cookbook has more about this subject: Pomegranate Look up Pomegranate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pomegranate Fruit Facts Pomegranates: Jewels in the Fruit Crown Potential Pomegranate Drug Interactions Pomegranate Council California, US- Recipes, News, and Info Maharashtra Pomegranate Growers Research Association, Pune v d e Herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil Basil, holy Basil, Thai Bay leaf Boldo Bolivian Coriander Borage Chervil Chives Cicely Coriander leaf cilantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Elsholtzia ciliata Epazote Eryngium foetidum long coriander Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata giấp cá Hyssop Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica rice paddy herb Lovage Marjoram Mint Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla shiso Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Vietnamese coriander rau răm Woodruff Spices Ajwain bishop's weed Aleppo pepper Allspice Amchur mango powder Anise Aromatic ginger Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom Cardamom, black Cassia Cayenne pepper Celery seed Chenpi Chili Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Cumin, black Dill dill seed Fennel Fenugreek Fingerroot krachai Galangal, greater Galangal, lesser Garlic Ginger Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Liquorice Mace Mahlab Malabathrum tejpat Mustard, black Mustard, brown Mustard, white Nigella kalonji Nutmeg Paprika Peppercorn black, green white Pepper, long Pepper, Brazilian Pepper, Peruvian Pomegranate seed anardana Poppy seed Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Sichuan pepper huÄ?jiÄ?o, sansho Star anise Sumac Tasmanian pepper Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Vanilla Wasabi Zedoary Zest Herb and spice mixtures Adjika Advieh Afghan spice rub Baharat Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Crab boil Curry powder Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic salt Harissa Herbes de Provence Jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Masala Mitmita Mixed spice Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat Daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Za'atar Lists of herbs and spices List of Australian herbs and spices Chinese herbs List of Indian spices List of culinary herbs and spices Related topics Marinating Spice rub Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pomegranate Categories: Lythraceae | Spices | Fruit | Flora of Pakistan | Flora of Armenia | Fruits of Iran | Trees of Iran | Trees of Merranean climate | Christian liturgy, rites, and worship services | Eastern Orthodoxy | Religious objects | Death customs | Flora of the Maldives | Medicinal plantsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2007 | Articles to be merged since July 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bân-lâm-gú БеларуÑ?каÑ? БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Hak-kâ-fa Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ हिनà¥?दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Lietuvių NÄ?huatl Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Тоҷикӣ faka-Tonga Türkçe Vèneto ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 02:25
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