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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Prefrontal cortex Prefrontal redirects here. For the skull bone, see Prefrontal bone. Brain: Prefrontal cortex Brodmann areas of lateral surface. Per BrainInfo, parts of #8, #9, #10, #11, #44, #45, #46, and #47 are all in the prefrontal region. Part of Frontal lobe Components Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Artery Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Vein Superior sagittal sinus NeuroNames ancil-101 MeSH Prefrontal+Cortex The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. In terms of its cytoarchitectonics, the prefrontal cortex is defined by the presence of an internal granular layer IV in contrast to the agranular premotor cortex. The prefrontal cortex can be divided in several ways, one of which is into three basic areas: The orbitofrontal OFC and ventromedial areas vm-PFC; the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dl-PFC; the anterior and ventral cingulate cortex.1 Other areas that can be distinguished are the ventrolateral cortex vl-PFC, the medial prefrontal cortex m-PFC, and the anterior prefrontal cortex a-PFC. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical neurologic term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social control the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes. Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. Contents 1 Brain linkages 2 Studies 3 Other disorders 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Brain linkages The prefrontal cortex has a high number of interconnections between both the brainstem's Reticular Activating System RAS and the limbic system. As a result, the centers in the prefrontal cortex depend significantly on high levels of alertness, and emotional linkages with deeper brain structures related to control of pleasure, pain, anger, rage, panic, aggression fight-flight-freeze responses, and basic sexual responses. Studies Perhaps the seminal case in prefrontal cortex function is that of Phineas Gage, whose personality may have changed after an 1848 accident destroyed one or both frontal lobes. The standard presentation e.g. 2 is that although Gage retained normal memory, speech and motor skills, his personality changed radically. He became irritable, quick-tempered, and impatient, characteristics that he previously did not exhibit, so that friends described him as no longer Gage. And whereas he had previously been a capable and efficient worker, afterwards he was unable to complete the multiple tasks that he started. However, careful analysis of primary evidence shows that descriptions of Gage's psychological changes are usually exaggerated, the most striking feature being that changes described years after his death are far more dramatic than anything reported while he was alive 3. Subsequent studies, on patients with prefrontal injuries, have shown that the patients verbalized what the most appropriate social responses would be under certain circumstances, yet, when actually performing, they instead pursued behavior that is aimed at immediate gratification despite knowing the longer-term results would be self-defeating. The interpretation of this data indicates that not only are skills of comparison and understanding of eventual outcomes harbored in the prefrontal cortex but the prefrontal cortex when functioning correctly controls the mental option to delay immediate gratification for a better or more rewarding longer-term gratification result. This ability to wait for a reward is one of the key pieces that define optimal executive function of the human brain. There is much current research devoted to understanding the role of the prefrontal cortex in neurological disorders. Many diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and ADHD, have been related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, and thus this area of the brain offers the potential for new treatments of these diseases. Clinical trials have begun around certain drugs that have been shown to improve prefrontal cortex function, including guanfacine which acts through the alpha2A adrenergic receptor. A downstream target of this drug, the HCN channel, is one of the most recent areas of exploration in prefrontal cortex pharmacology.citation needed Other disorders In the last few decades, brain imaging systems have been used to determine brain region volumes and nerve linkages. Several studies have indicated that reduced volume and interconnections of the frontal lobes with other brain regions is common in those with depression, people subjected to repeated stressors,4 suicide victims,5 incarcerated criminals, sociopaths, and drug addicts. It is believed that at least some of the human abilities to feel guilt or remorse, and to interpret reality, lie in the prefrontal cortex.citation needed It is also widely believed that the size and number of connections in the prefrontal cortex relates directly to sentience, as the prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger percentage of the brain than any other animal. Additionally, as the brain has tripled in size over 5 million years of human evolution, the prefrontal cortex had increased in size sixfold. References ^ Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neur...Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002 - PubMed Result ^ Antonio Damasio, Descartes' Error. Penguin Putman Pub., 1994 ^ Malcolm Macmillan, An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage MIT Press, 2000, pp.116-119, 307-333, esp. pp.11,333. ^ Liston C et al 2006. Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting. J Neurosci 26 30: 7870-4. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-06.2006. PMID 16870732. ^ Rajkowska G. Morphometric methods for studying the prefrontal cortex in suicide victims and psychiatric patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 836: 253-68. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52364.x. PMID 9616803. Richard M. Burton, The Anatomy, Chemistry and Genetics of Human Behavior, Newport. 1996. Miller EK, Cohen JD 2001. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 167-202. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167. PMID 11283309. Lebedev M et al 2004. Representation of attended versus remembered locations in prefrontal cortex. PLoS Biology 2 11: e365. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020365. PMID 15510225. Fuster JM 1997 The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe, 2 ion: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Michael Anissimov 2008 What is the Prefrontal Cortex?, Conjecture Corporation, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-prefrontal-cortex.htm See also Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex External links Diagram ua.edu Diagram universe-review.ca BrainMaps at UCDavis Prefrontal cortex v d e Brain: telencephalon cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres Frontal lobe Precentral gyrus Primary motor cortex, 4 Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields 6, 8, 9, Middle frontal gyrus 46, Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area 44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis Orbitofrontal cortex 10, 11, 12, 47 Prefrontal cortex, Premotor cortex Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus Parietal lobe Somatosensory cortex Primary 1, 2, 3, 43, Secondary 5, Precuneus 7m - Parietal operculum Parietal lobules Superior 7l, Inferior 40, Angular gyrus 39 Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus Occipital lobe Primary visual cortex 17, Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus 18, 19 Calcarine fissure Temporal lobe Primary auditory cortex 41, 42, Superior temporal gyrus 38, 22/Wernicke's area, Middle temporal gyrus 21, Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus 27, 28, 34, 35, 36 Cingulate cortex/gyrus Subgenual area 25, Anterior cingulate 24, 32, 33, Posterior cingulate 23, 31, Retrosplenial cortex 26, 29, 30 Callosal sulcus Interlobar sulci/fissures lateral: Central frontal+parietal, Lateral frontal+parietal+temporal, Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate frontal+cingulate, Collateral temporal+occipital White matter tracts Commissural fibers - Association fibers Internal capsule Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb, Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract - Terminal stria - Diagonal band of Broca Other Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex Categories: CerebrumHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 | Articles with statements since October 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Nederlands Simple English This page was last modified on 30 June 2008, at 20:56
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