Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Route of administration July 2007 In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body.1 Obviously, a substance must be transported from the site of entry to the part of the body where its action is desired to take place even if this only means penetration through the stratum corneum into the skin. However, using the body's transport mechanisms for this purpose can be far from trivial. The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug that is, those related to processes of uptake, distribution, and elimination are critically influenced by the route of administration. Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Topical 1.2 Enteral 1.3 Parenteral by injection or infusion 1.4 Other parenteral 1.5 Other 2 Advantages and disadvantages 2.1 Inhalation 2.2 Injection 3 Uses 4 Notes 5 References 6 See also 7 External links Classification Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: topical: local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired. enteral: desired effect is systemic non-local, substance is given via the digestive tract. parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is given by routes other than the digestive tract. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognizes 111 distinct routes of administration. The following is a brief list of some routes of administration. Topical epicutaneous application onto the skin, e.g. allergy testing, typical local anesthesia inhalational, e.g. asthma medications enema, e.g. contrast media for imaging of the bowel eye drops onto the conjunctiva, e.g. antibiotics for conjunctivitis ear drops - such as antibiotics and corticosteroids for otitis externa intranasal route into the nose, e.g. decongestant nasal sprays vaginal, e.g. topical estrogens, antibacterials Enteral Enteral is any form of administration that involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract: by mouth orally, many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or gastrostomy, many drugs and enteral nutrition rectally, various drugs in suppository or enema form Parenteral by injection or infusion intravenous into a vein, e.g. many drugs, total parenteral nutrition intraarterial into an artery, e.g. vasodilator drugs in the treatment of vasospasm and thrombolytic drugs for treatment of embolism intramuscular into a muscle, e.g. many vaccines, antibiotics, and long-term psychoactive agents intracardiac into the heart, e.g. adrenaline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation no longer commonly performed subcutaneous under the skin, e.g. insulin intraosseous infusion into the bone marrow is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and paediatrics when intravenous access is difficult. intradermal, into the skin itself is used for skin testing some allergens, and also for tattoos intrathecal into the spinal canal is most commonly used for spinal anesthesia and chemotherapy intraperitoneal, infusion or injection into the peritoneum e.g. peritoneal dialysis Intravesical infusion is infusion into the urinary bladder. Other parenteral transdermal diffusion through the intact skin, e.g. transdermal opioid patches in pain therapy, nicotine patches for treatment of addiction transmucosal diffusion through a mucous membrane, e.g. insufflation snorting of cocaine, sublingual nitroglycerine, buccal absorbed through cheek near gumline, vaginal suppositories inhalational, e.g. inhalational anesthetics Other epidural synonym: peridural injection or infusion into the epidural space, e.g. epidural anesthesia intravitreal Advantages and disadvantages There are advantages and disadvantages to each route of administration Inhalation Advantages Fastest method, 7-10 seconds for the drug to reach the brain User can titrate regulate the amount of drug they are receiving Disadvantages Most addictive route of administration because it hits the brain so quickly Difficulties in regulating the exact amount of dosage Patient having difficulties in giving themselves a drug by inhaler Injection Injection incompasses intravenous IV, intramuscular IM, and subcutaneous sub-Q Advantages Fast: 15-30 seconds for IV, 3-5 minutes for IM and subcutaneous One injection can be formulated to last days or even months, e.g., Depo-Provera, a birth control shot that works for three months IV can deliver continuous medication, e.g., morphine for patients in continuous pain, or saline drip for people needing fluids Disadvantages Onset of action is quick, hence more risk of addiction when it comes to injecting drugs of abuse If needles are shared, there is risk of HIV and other infectious diseases It is the most dangerous route of administration because it bypasses most of the body's natural defenses, exposing the user to health problems such as hepatitis, abscesses, infections, and undissolved particles or additives/contaminants If not done properly, air boluses bubbles can occur, and be fatal Need for strict asepsis Uses Some routes can be used for topical as well as systemic purposes, depending on the circumstances. For example, inhalation of asthma drugs is targeted at the airways topical effect, whereas inhalation of volatile anesthetics is targeted at the brain systemic effect. On the other hand, identical drugs can produce different results depending on the route of administration. For example, some drugs are not significantly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract and their action after enteral administration is therefore different from that after parenteral administration. This can be illustrated by the action of naloxone Narcan, an antagonist of opiates such as morphine. Naloxone counteracts opiate action in the central nervous system when given intravenously and is therefore used in the treatment of opiate overdose. The same drug, when swallowed, acts exclusively on the bowels; it is here used to treat constipation under opiate pain therapy and does not affect the pain-reducing effect of the opiate. Enteral routes are generally the most convenient for the patient, as no punctures or sterile procedures are necessary. Enteral medications are therefore often preferred in the treatment of chronic disease. However, some drugs can not be used enterally because their absorption in the digestive tract is low or unpredictable. Transdermal administration is a comfortable alternative; there are, however, only a few drug preparations are suitable for transdermal administration. In acute situations, in emergency medicine and intensive care medicine, drugs are most often given intravenously. This is the most reliable route, as in acutely ill patients the absorption of substances from the tissues and from the digestive tract can often be unpredictable due to altered blood flow or bowel motility. Notes ^ In toxicology, exposition may often be a more appropriate term, however administration can be used for deliberate substance use. References Inaba, Darryl and Cohen, William. 2007. Uppers, Downers, All Arounders. Medford, Oregon: CNS Productions, Inc. See also Pharmaceutical form Medical injection Catheter Hypodermic needle Drug injection ADME External links FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Dosage Form. MeSH Drug+Administration+Routes Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Route_of_administration Categories: Pharmacology | Medical treatments | ToxicologyHidden category: Articles needing additional references from July 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Nederlands Português SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 8 August 2008, at 11:10
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.