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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Saliva For the band, see Saliva band. Not to be confused with Salvia. Look up saliva in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Saliva is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and most other animals. Saliva is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands. Human saliva is composed mostly of water, but also includes electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds, and various enzymes. 1 As part of the initial process of food digestion, the enzymes in the saliva break down some of the starch and fat in the food at the molecular level. Saliva also breaks down food caught in the teeth, protecting them from bacteria that cause decay. Furthermore, saliva lubricates and protects the teeth, the tongue, and the tender tissues inside the mouth. Various species have evolved special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some swifts use their gummy saliva to build their nests. Some Aerodramus swiftlet nests are made only from saliva and used to make bird's nest soup.2 Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some arthropods, such as spiders and caterpillars, create thread from salivary glands. Contents 1 Functions 1.1 Digestion 1.2 Disinfectants 2 Stimulation 3 Daily salivary output 4 Contents 5 References 6 External links Functions Digestion The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food, and helping to create a food bolus, so it can be swallowed easily. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks some starches down into maltose and dextrin. Thus, digestion of food occurs within the mouth, even before food reaches the stomach. Salivary glands also secrete enzymes salivary lipase to start fat digestion.3 Disinfectants A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to lick their wounds. Researchers at the University of Florida at Gainesville have discovered a protein called nerve growth factor NGF in the saliva of mice. Wounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds; therefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species. NGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such antibacterial agents as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase.4 It has not been shown that human licking of wounds disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person. The mouth of animals is the habitat of many bacteria, some pathogenic. Some diseases, such as herpes, can be transmitted through the mouth. Animal including human bites are routinely treated with systemic antibiotics because of the risk of septicemia. Recent research suggests that the saliva of birds is a better indicator of avian influenza than are faecal samples. 5 Stimulation The production of saliva is stimulated both by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.6 The saliva stimulated by sympathetic innervation is thicker, and saliva stimulated parasympathetically is more watery. Daily salivary output There has been some disagreement regarding the daily salivary output in a healthy individual. Today, it is believed that the average person produces approximately 0.75 l of saliva per day, less than half of the output originally thought produced. It is produced at a rate of 1-1.5 l/day. 20ml/hr at rest, 250 ml/hr under stimulated conditions. While sleeping, salivary flow drops to almost zero. Contents Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 98% water, but it contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes. 7 It is a fluid containing: Water Electrolytes: 2-21 mmol/L sodium lower than blood plasma 10-36 mmol/L potassium higher than plasma 1.2-2.8 mmol/L calcium 0.08-0.5 mmol/L magnesium 5-40 mmol/L chloride lower than plasma 25 mmol/L bicarbonate higher than plasma 1.4-39 mmol/L phosphate Mucus. Mucus in saliva mainly consists of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins; Antibacterial compounds thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, and secretory immunoglobulin A Various enzymes. There are three major enzymes found in saliva. α-amylase EC3.2.1.1. Amylase starts the digestion of starch and lipase fat before the food is even swallowed. It has a pH optima of 7.4. lysozyme EC3.2.1.17. Lysozyme acts to cause lysis in bacteria. lingual lipase EC3.1.1.3. Lingual lipase has a pH optimum ~4.0 so it is not activated till entering an acidic environment. Minor enzymes include salivary acid phosphatases A+B EC3.1.3.2, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase EC3.5.1.28, NADPH dehydrogenase-quinone EC1.6.99.2, salivary lactoperoxidase EC1.11.1.7, superoxide dismutase EC1.15.1.1, glutathione transferase EC2.5.1.18, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase EC1.2.1.3, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase EC5.3.1.9, and tissue kallikrein EC3.4.21.35. Cells: Possibly as much as 8 million human and 500 million bacterial cells per mL. The presence of bacterial products small organic acids, amines, and thiols causes saliva to sometimes exhibit foul odor. Opiorphin, a newly researched pain-killing substance found in human saliva. Different reagents used to determine the content of saliva \1. Molisch test gives a positive result of purple color that is costituent to the presence of carbohydrates References ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6 ^ Marcone, M. F. 2005. Characterization of the edible bird's nest the Caviar of the East. Food Research International 38:1125-1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008 Abstract retrieved 12 Nov 2007 ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright 1993. Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. ^ Discover Magazine, The Biology of ...Saliva October 2005 ^ Saliva swabs for bird flu virus more effective than faecal samples German Press Agency December 11, 2006 Retrieved 13 November 2007 ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch4/s6ch4_7 ^ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6 External links MeSH Saliva v d e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology Enteric nervous system Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen - Parietal cells Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor - Goblet cells Mucus Endocrine/paracrine G cells gastrin, D cells somatostatin - ECL cells Histamine - enterogastrone: I cells CCK, K cells GIP, S cells secretin, Enteroendocrine cells Border Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes Fluids Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice Processes Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis Interstitial cell of Cajal - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Saliva Categories: Body fluids | Digestive system Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bân-lâm-gú БългарÑ?ки Català Чăвашла ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Ripoarisch РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька Võro ייִדיש 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 16:10
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