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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Schizotypal personality disorder Schizotypal disorder Classification and external resources ICD-10 F21. ICD-9 301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder, or simply schizotypal disorder, is a personality disorder that is characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs. The schizotypal individual develops a fear of, strong objection to, or incapacity for social interaction, due to the sum of their past social experiences being negative in nature. As infants they do not learn how to interact with others, and as children and adults this inability quickly makes them a target for other people. Eventually, the individual learns most often unconsciously to see people as harmful and a source of negativity, suffering and ostracization. This leads to the development of ideas of reference, in which the schizotypal individual believes that events are of special relevance to them or that benign events are somehow related to them e.g., sees two people laughing and believes that the people are laughing at them. The individual may realize that their ideas of reference are irrational, but maintains them nonetheless. This exacerbates the individual's social anxiety, causing them to skew away from society and withdraw into their own world. Contents 1 Diagnostic criteria DSM-IV-TR 2 Link with other mental disorders 3 Causes 4 Similarities with Schizoid personalities 5 References 6 See also 7 External links Diagnostic criteria DSM-IV-TR The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines Schizotypal personality disorder as A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five or more of the following: Ideas of reference excluding delusions of reference Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or sixth sense; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions Odd thinking and speech e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation Inappropriate or constricted affect Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives Social anxiety that tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self Link with other mental disorders There is a high rate of comorbidity with other personality disorders. McGlashan et al. 2000 stated that this may be due to overlapping criteria with other personality disorders, such as avoidant personality disorder and paranoid personality disorder.1 Causes Although listed in the DSM-IV-TR on Axis II, schizotypal personality disorder is widely understood to be a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. If you look at the relatives of individuals who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, rates of schizotypal PD will be much higher in those individuals than in the relatives of people with other mental illnesses or in the relatives of community controls with no mental illness. Technically speaking, schizotypal PD is an extended phenotype that helps geneticists track the familial or genetic transmission of the genes that are implicated in schizophrenia2 There are dozens of studies showing that individuals with schizotypal PD look similar to individuals with schizophrenia on a very wide range of neuropsychological tests. Cognitive deficits in patients with schizotypal PD are very similar to, but somewhat milder than, those for patients with schizophrenia.3 While people with schizotypal PD, like patients with schizophrenia, may be quite sensitive to interpersonal criticism and hostility, there is no evidence that early childhood environment or parenting practices cause schizotypal PD. Rather, it appears to be a sub-syndromal variant of schizophrenia that is primarily determined by genetic vulnerability. Similarities with Schizoid personalities There are many similarities between the Schizotypal and Schizoid personalities. Most notable of the similarities is the inability to initiate or maintain relationships both friendly and romantic. The difference between the two seems to be that those labeled as Schizotypal avoid social interaction because of a deep-seated fear of people. The Schizoid individual simply feels no desire to form relationships, because they quite literally see no point in sharing their time with others. References ^ McGlashan, T.H., Grilo, C.M., Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., Shea, M.T., Morey, L.C., et al. 2000. The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: Baseline axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 256-264. ^ Fogelson, D.L., Nuechterlein, K.H., Asarnow, R.F., et al., 2007. Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders: The UCLA family study. Schizophrenia Research, 91, 192-199. ^ Matsui, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Kato, K., et al., 2004. Neuropsychological profile in patients with schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 942, 387-397. 2. Fogelson, D.L., Nuechterlein, K.H., Asarnow, R.F., et al., 2007. Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders: The UCLA family study. Schizophrenia Research, 91, 192-199. 3. Matsui, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Kato, K., et al., 2004. Neuropsychological profile in patients with schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 942, 387-397. See also Psychology portal Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizophrenia Schizotypy External links DSM-IV TR diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder. ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Disorder. v d e DSM-IV Personality Disorders Cluster A Odd Schizotypal, Schizoid, Paranoid Cluster B Dramatic Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic Cluster C Anxious Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, Avoidant v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering This mental health-related article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder Categories: Personality disorders | Schizophrenia | Mental health stubs Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français עברית Nederlands Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 22:09
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