Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Selenium For other uses, see Selenium disambiguation. 34 arsenic â†? selenium → bromine S ↑ Se ↓ Te Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table General Name, Symbol, Number selenium, Se, 34 Element category nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 4, p Appearance gray-black, metallic luster Standard atomic weight 78.963 g·mol-1 Electron configuration Ar 4s2 3d10 4p4 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 6 Physical properties Phase solid Density near r.t. gray 4.81 g·cm-3 Density near r.t. alpha 4.39 g·cm-3 Density near r.t. vitreous 4.28 g·cm-3 Liquid density at m.p. 3.99 g·cm-3 Melting point 494 K 221 °C, 430 °F Boiling point 958 K 685 °C, 1265 °F Critical point 1766 K, 27.2 MPa Heat of fusion gray 6.69 kJ·mol-1 Heat of vaporization 95.48 kJ·mol-1 Specific heat capacity 25 °C 25.363 J·mol-1·K-1 Vapor pressure PPa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at TK 500 552 617 704 813 958 Atomic properties Crystal structure hexagonal Oxidation states 6, 4, 2, 1,1 -2 strongly acidic oxide Electronegativity 2.55 Pauling scale Ionization energies more 1st: 941.0 kJ·mol-1 2nd: 2045 kJ·mol-1 3rd: 2973.7 kJ·mol-1 Atomic radius 115 pm Atomic radius calc. 103 pm Covalent radius 116 pm Van der Waals radius 190 pm Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering no data Thermal conductivity 300 K amorphous 0.519 W·m-1·K-1 Thermal expansion 25 °C amorphous 37 µm·m-1·K-1 Speed of sound thin rod 20 °C 3350 m/s Young's modulus 10 GPa Shear modulus 3.7 GPa Bulk modulus 8.3 GPa Poisson ratio 0.33 Mohs hardness 2.0 Brinell hardness 736 MPa CAS registry number 7782-49-2 Selected isotopes Main article: Isotopes of selenium iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 72Se syn 8.4 d ε - 72As γ 0.046 - 74Se 0.87% 74Se is stable with 40 neutrons 75Se syn 119.779 d ε - 75As γ 0.264, 0.136, 0.279 - 76Se 9.36% 76Se is stable with 42 neutrons 77Se 7.63% 77Se is stable with 43 neutrons 78Se 23.78% 78Se is stable with 44 neutrons 79Se syn 2.95×105 y β- 0.151 79Br 80Se 49.61% 80Se is stable with 46 neutrons 82Se 8.73% 1.08×1020 y β-β- 2.995 82Kr References Selenium pronounced /səˈliË?niÉ™m/ is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature. It is toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts of it are necessary for cellular function in most, if not all, animals, forming the active center of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants and three known deiodinase enzymes which convert one thyroid hormone to another. Selenium requirements in plants differ by species, with some plants apparently requiring none.2 Isolated selenium occurs in several different forms, the most stable of which is a dense purplish-gray semi-metal semiconductor form that is structurally a trigonal polymer chain. It conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark, and is used in photocells see allotropic section below. Selenium also exists in many non-conductive forms: a black glass-like allotrope, as well as several red crystalline forms built of eight-membered ring molecules, like its lighter chemical cousin sulfur. Selenium is found in economic quantities in sulfide ores such as pyrite, partially replacing the sulfur in the ore matrix. Minerals that are selenide or selenate compounds are also known, but all are rare. Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Isotopes 3 History and global demand 4 Health effects 4.1 Toxicity 4.2 Deficiency 4.3 Controversial health effects 5 Production and allotropic forms 6 Non-biological applications 7 Biological applications 8 Evolution in biology 9 Compounds 10 References 11 External links Occurrence Selenium occurs naturally in a number of inorganic forms, including selenide, selenate and selenite. In soils, selenium most often occurs in soluble forms like selenate analogous to sulfate, which are leached into rivers very easily by runoff. Selenium has a biological role, and is found in organic compounds such as dimethyl selenide, selenomethionine, selenocysteine and methylselenocysteine. In these compounds selenium plays an analogous role to sulfur. Selenium is most commonly produced from selenide in many sulfide ores, such as those of copper, silver, or lead. It is obtained as a byproduct of the processing of these ores, from the anode mud of copper refineries and the mud from the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants. These muds can be processed by a number of means to obtain free selenium. Natural sources of selenium include certain selenium-rich soils, and selenium that has been bioconcentrated by certain toxic plants such as locoweed. Anthropogenic sources of selenium include coal burning and the mining and smelting of sulfide ores.3 See also Selenide minerals. Isotopes Main article: isotopes of selenium Selenium has six naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se which has a halflife of 295,000 years, and 82Se which has a very long half life ~1020 yr, decaying via double beta decay to 82Kr and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. 23 other unstable isotopes have been characterized.citation needed See also Selenium-79 for more information on recent changes in the halflife of this fission product important for the dose calculations performed in the frame of the geological disposal of long-lived radioactive waste. History and global demand Selenium Greek σελήνη selene meaning Moon was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius who found the element associated with tellurium named for the Earth. Growth in selenium consumption was historically driven by steady development of new uses, including applications in rubber compounding, steel alloying, and selenium rectifiers. Selenium is also an essential material in the drums of laser printers and copiers. By 1970, selenium in rectifiers had largely been replaced by silicon, but its use as a photoconductor in plain paper copiers had become its leading application. During the 1980s, the photoconductor application declined although it was still a large end-use as more and more copiers using organic photoconductors were produced. Presently, the largest use of selenium world-wide is in glass manufacturing, followed by uses in chemicals and pigments. Electronic use, despite a number of continued applications, continues to decline.4 In 1996, continuing research showed a positive correlation between selenium supplementation and cancer prevention in humans, but widespread direct application of this important finding would not add significantly to demand owing to the small doses required. In the late 1990s, the use of selenium usually with bismuth as an additive to plumbing brasses to meet no-lead environmental standards, became important. At present, total world selenium production continues to increase modestly. Health effects Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. In plants, it occurs as a bystander mineral, sometimes in toxic proportions in forage some plants may accumulate selenium as a defense against being eaten by animals, but other plants such as locoweed require selenium, and their growth indicates the presence of selenium in soil.2 It is a component of the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient which functions as cofactor for reduction of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase found in animals and some plants this enzyme occurs in all living organisms, but not all forms of it in plants require selenium. Glutathione peroxidase GSH-Px catalyzes certain reactions which remove reactive oxygen species such as peroxide: 2 GSH+ H2O2---------GSH-Px → GSSG + 2 H2O Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland by participating as a cofactor for the three known thyroid hormone deiodinases.5 Dietary selenium comes from nuts, cereals, meat, fish, and eggs. Brazil nuts are the richest ordinary dietary source though this is soil-dependent, since the Brazil nut does not require high levels of the element for its own needs. High levels are found in kidney, tuna, crab and lobster, in that order.67 Toxicity Although selenium is an essential trace element, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis.8 Symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability and neurological damage. Extreme cases of selenosis can result in cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary edema and death.9 Elemental selenium and most metallic selenides have relatively low toxicities because of their low bioavailability. By contrast, selenate and selenite are very toxic, the acute toxicity differs from the chronic toxicity which for selenite the chronic toxic dose for human beings is about 2400 to 3000 micrograms of selenium per day for a long time.10 , and have an oxidant mode of action similar to that of arsenic. Hydrogen selenide is an extremely toxic, corrosive gas.11 Selenium also occurs in organic compounds such as dimethyl selenide, selenomethionine, selenocysteine and methylselenocysteine, all of which have high bioavailability and are toxic in large doses. Nano-size selenium has equal efficacy, but much lower toxicity.12131415161718 Selenium poisoning of water systems may result whenever new agricultural runoff courses through normally dry undeveloped lands. This process leaches natural soluble selenium compounds such as selenates into the water, which may then be concentrated in new wetlands as the water evaporates. High selenium levels produced in this fashion have been found to have caused certain congenital disorders in wetland birds.19 Deficiency Selenium deficiency is relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals. It can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function, those undergoing total parenteral nutrition, and also20 on advanced aged people over 90. Alternatively, people dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil are also at risk. In the USA, the Dietary Reference Intake for adults is 55 µg/day. In the UK it is 75 µg/day for adult males and 60 µg/day for adult females. 55 µg/day recommendation is based on full expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase. Selenoprotein P21 is a better indicator of selenium nutritional status, and full expression of it would require more than 66 µg/day.22 Selenium deficiency can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. Selenium deficiency also contributes along with iodine deficiency to Kashin-Beck disease.9 The primary symptom of Keshan disease is myocardial necrosis, leading to weakening of the heart. Kashin-Beck disease results in atrophy, degeneration and necrosis of cartilage tissue.23 Keshan disease also makes the body more susceptible to illness caused by other nutritional, biochemical, or infectious diseases. These diseases are most common in certain parts of China where the soil is extremely deficient in selenium. Studies in Jiangsu Province of China have indicated a reduction in the prevalence of these diseases by taking selenium supplements. Selenium is also necessary for the conversion of the thyroid hormone thyroxine T4 into its more active counterpart, triiodothyronine, and as such a deficiency can cause symptoms of hypothyroidism, including extreme fatigue, mental slowing, goitre, cretinism and recurrent miscarriage.9 Controversial health effects Cancer Several studies have suggested a link between cancer and selenium deficiency.24252627282930 A study conducted on the effect of selenium supplementation on the recurrence of skin cancers did not demonstrate a reduced rate of recurrence of skin cancers, but did show a significantly reduced occurrence of total cancers.31 Dietary selenium prevents chemically induced carcinogenesis in many rodent studies.32 In these studies, organic seleno-compounds are more potent and less toxic than selenium salts e.g., selenocyanates, selenomethionine, selenium-rich Brazil nuts, or selenium-enriched garlic or broccoli. Selenium may help prevent cancer by acting as an antioxidant or by enhancing immune activity. Not all studies agree on the cancer-fighting effects of selenium. One study of naturally occurring levels of selenium in over 60,000 participants did not show a significant correlation between those levels and cancer.33 The SU.VI.MAX study34 concluded that low-dose supplementation with 120 mg of ascorbic acid, 30 mg of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta carotene, 100 µg of selenium, and 20 mg of zinc resulted in a 31% reduction in the incidence of cancer and a 37% reduction in all cause mortality in males, but did not get a significant result for females.35 The SELECT study36 is currently investigating the effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on incidence of prostate cancer. However, selenium has been proven to help chemotherapy treatment by enhancing the efficacy of the treatment, reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, and preventing the body's resistance to the drugs.37 Studies38 39 of cancer cells in vitro showed that chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Taxol and Adriamycin, were more toxic to strains of cancer cells grown in culture when selenium was added. HIV/AIDS Some research has indicated a geographical link between regions of selenium deficient soils and peak incidences of HIV/AIDS infection. For example, much of sub-Saharan Africa is low in selenium. However, Senegal is not, and also has a significantly lower level of AIDS infection than the rest of the continent. AIDS appears to involve a slow and progressive decline in levels of selenium in the body. Whether this decline in selenium levels is a direct result of the replication of HIV40 or related more generally to the overall malabsorption of nutrients by AIDS patients remains debated. Low selenium levels in AIDS patients have been directly correlated with decreased immune cell count and increased disease progression and risk of death.41 Selenium normally acts as an antioxidant, so low levels of it may increase oxidative stress on the immune system leading to more rapid decline of the immune system. Others have argued that HIV encodes for the human selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase, which depletes the victim's selenium levels. Depleted selenium levels in turn lead to a decline in CD4 helper T-cells, further weakening the immune system.42 Regardless of the cause of depleted selenium levels in AIDS patients, studies have shown that selenium deficiency does strongly correlate with the progression of the disease and the risk of death.434445 Tuberculosis Some research has suggested that selenium supplementation, along with other nutrients, can help prevent the recurrence of tuberculosis.46 Diabetes A well-controlled study showed that selenium intake is positively correlated with the risk of developing type II diabetes. Because high serum selenium levels are positively associated with the prevalence of diabetes, and because selenium deficiency is rare, supplementation is not recommended in well-nourished populations such as the U.S.47 Mercury Experimental findings have demonstrated an interaction between selenium and methylmercury, but epidemiological studies have found little evidence that selenium helps to protect against the adverse effects of methylmercury.48 Production and allotropic forms Selenium is a common byproduct of copper refining, or the production of sulfuric acid.495051 Isolation of selenium is often complicated by the presence of other compounds and elements. Commonly, production begins by oxidation with sodium carbonate to produce selenium dioxide. The selenium dioxide is then mixed with water producing selenous acid. The selenous acid is finally bubbled with sulfur dioxide producing elemental red amorphous selenium. Selenium produced in chemical reactions invariably appears as the amorphous red form-- an insoluble brick red powder. When this form is rapidly melted, it forms the black, vitreous form which is usually sold industrially as beads. The most thermodynamically stable and dense form of selenium is the electrically conductive gray trigonal form, which is composed of long helical chains of selenium atoms. The conductivity of this form is notably light sensitive. Selenium also exists in three different deep red crystalline monoclinic forms, which are composed of Se8 molecules, similar to many allotropes of sulfur.52 Non-biological applications Chemistry Selenium is a catalyst in many chemical reactions and is widely used in various industrial and laboratory syntheses, especially Organoselenium chemistry. It is also widely used in structure determination of proteins and nucleic acids by X-ray crystallography incorporation of one or more Se atoms helps with MAD and SAD phasing. Manufacturing and materials use The largest use of selenium world-wide is in glass and ceramic manufacturing, where it is used to give a red color to glasses, enamels and glazes as well as to remove color from glass by counteracting the green tint imparted by ferrous impurities. Selenium is used with bismuth in brasses to replace more toxic lead. It is also used to improve abrasion resistance in vulcanized rubbers. Electronics Because of its photovoltaic and photoconductive properties, selenium is used in photocopying, photocells, light meters and solar cells. It was once widely used in rectifiers. These uses have mostly been replaced by silicon-based devices, or are in the process of being replaced. The most notable exception is in power DC surge protection, where the superior energy capabilities of selenium suppressors make them more desirable than metal oxide varistors. Sheets of amorphous selenium convert x-ray images to patterns of charge in xeroradiography and in solid-state flat panel x-ray cameras. Photography Selenium is used in the toning of photographic prints, and it is sold as a toner by numerous photographic manufacturers including Kodak and Fotospeed. Its use intensifies and extends the tonal range of black and white photographic images as well as improving the permanence of prints. Nondestructive testing Selenium is a highly effective Gamma source used in Industrial radiographycitation needed. Biological applications Medical use The substance loosely called selenium sulfide, SeS2, actually selenium disulfide or selenium IV sulfide, is the active ingredient in some dandruff shampoos.53 The effect of the active ingredient is to kill the scalp fungus Malassezia which causes shedding of dry skin fragments. The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat Tinea versicolor due to infection by a different species of Malassezia fungus.54 Nutrition Selenium is used widely in vitamin preparations and other dietary supplements, in small doses typically 50 to 200 micrograms per day for adult humans. Some livestock feeds are fortified with selenium as well. Evolution in biology Over three billion years ago, blue-green algae were the most primitive oxygenic photosynthetic organisms and are ancestors of multicellular eukaryotic algae.55 Algae that contain the highest amount of antioxidant selenium, iodide and peroxidase enzymes, were the first living cells to produce poisonous oxygen in the atmosphere. Venturi et al.5556 suggested that algal cells required a protective antioxidant action, in which selenium and iodides, through peroxidase enzymes, have had this specific role. Selenium, which acts synergistically with iodine,57 is a primitive mineral antioxidant, greatly present in the sea and prokaryotic cells, where it is an essential component of family of glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px. In fact, seaweeds accumulate high quantity of selenium and iodine.55 In 2008, Küpper et al.,58 showed that iodide also scavenges reactive oxygen species ROS in algae, and that its biological role is that of an inorganic antioxidant, the first to be described in a living system, active also in today's humans. From about three billion years ago, prokaryotic selenoprotein families drive selenocysteine evolution. Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes as selenocysteine,59 where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage. Selenoprotein families of GSH-Px and deiodinase of eukaryotic cells seem to have a bacterial phylogenetic origin. The selenocysteine-containing form occurred in green algae, diatoms, sea urchin, fish and chicken, too. One family of selenium-containing molecules as glutathione peroxidases repairs damaged cell membranes, while another glutathione S-transferases repairs damaged DNA and prevents mutations.60 When about 500 Mya, plants and animals began to transfer from the sea to rivers and land, the environmental deficiency of marine mineral antioxidants as selenium, iodine, etc. was a challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life.55 Trace elements involved in GSH-Px and superoxide dismutases enzymes activities, i.e. selenium, vanadium, magnesium, copper and zinc, may have been lacking in some terrestrial mineral-deficient areas.59 Marine organisms apparently retained and sometimes expanded their seleno-proteomes, whereas the seleno-proteomes of some terrestrial organisms were reduced or completely lost. These findings suggest that, with the exception of vertebrates, aquatic life supports selenium utilization, whereas terrestrial habitats lead to reduced use of this trace element.61 Marine fishes and vertebrate thyroid glands have the highest concentra¬tion of selenium and iodine. From about 500 Mya, freshwater and terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of new endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid Vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, tocopherols etc. A few of these appeared more recently, in last 200-50 Mya, in fruits and flowers of angiosperm plants. In fact the angiosperms the dominant type of plant today and most of their antioxidant pigments evolved during the late Jurassic period. The deiodinase isoenzymes constituted the second family of eukaryotic selenoproteins with identified enzyme function. Deiodinases are able to extract electrons from iodides, and iodides from iodothyronines. So, are involved in thyroid hormone regulation, participating in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H2O2 produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis.5556 About 200 Mya, new selenoproteins were developed as mammalian GSH-Px enzymes.62636465 Compounds Copper indium gallium selenide CuGa,InSe2 Mercury selenide HgSe Hydrogen selenide H2Se Lead selenide PbSe Selenium dioxide SeO2 Selenic acid H2SeO4 Selenous acid H2SeO3 Selenium sulfides: Se4S4, SeS2, Se2S6 Sodium selenite Na2SeO3 Zinc selenide ZnSe Selenium occurs in the 0,+4,+6 and possibaly the -2 valance states. See also Selenium compounds and organoselenium chemistry. References ^ Selenium : SeleniumI chloride compound data. WebElements.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. ^ a b http://cals.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/1%20rangelandmanagement/2%20poisonousplants93.pdf ^ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c1.pdf ^ http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/selenium/830398.pdf ^ Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University ^ Barclay, Margaret N. I.; Allan MacPherson, James Dixon 1995. Selenium content of a range of UK food. Journal of food composition and analysis 8: 307-318. doi:10.1006/jfca.1995.1025. 0889-1575. ^ A list of selenium rich foods can be found on The Office of Dietary Supplements Selenium Fact Sheet. ^ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium ^ a b c DRAFT ^ Wilber CG, Toxicology of selenium 1980 Clinical Toxicology volume 17, pages 171-230,page211. ^ http://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/erg_gmu/search/guide.asp?Guide=117Lang=EN ^ Zhang J, Wang X, Xu T 2008. Elemental selenium at nano size Nano-Se as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 101 1: 22-31. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm221. PMID 17728283. ^ Gao X, Zhang J, Zhang L 2000. Acute toxicity and bioavailability of nano red elemental selenium in Chinese. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 29 1: 57-8. PMID 12725047. ^ Zhang JS, Gao XY, Zhang LD, Bao YP 2001. Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium. Biofactors 15 1: 27-38. PMID 11673642. ^ Zhang J, Wang H, Yan X, Zhang L 2005. Comparison of short-term toxicity between Nano-Se and selenite in mice. Life Sci. 76 10: 1099-109. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.015. PMID 15620574. ^ Jia X, Li N, Chen J 2005. A subchronic toxicity study of elemental Nano-Se in Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci. 76 17: 1989-2003. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.026. PMID 15707881. ^ Wang H, Zhang J, Yu H 2007. Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42 10: 1524-33. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.013. PMID 17448899. ^ Peng D, Zhang J, Liu Q, Taylor EW 2007. Size effect of elemental selenium nanoparticles Nano-Se at supranutritional levels on selenium accumulation and glutathione S-transferase activity. J. Inorg. Biochem. 101 10: 1457-63. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.021. PMID 17664013. ^ http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~childers/3_31_05%20selenium.pdf ^ Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged =90 y1 - Ravaglia et al. 71 2: 590 - American Journal of Clinical... ^ Papp LV, Lu J, Holmgren A, Khanna KK 2007. From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 9 7: 775-806. doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1528. PMID 17508906. ^ Xia Y, Hill KE, Byrne DW, Xu J, Burk RF 2005. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81 4: 829-34. PMID 15817859. ^ NEJM - Kashin-Beck Osteoarthropathy in Rural Tibet in Relation to Selenium and Iodine Status ^ Plasma selenium levels and the risk of colorectal ...Nutr Cancer. 1997 - PubMed Result ^ Naturally occurring selenium compounds in cancer c...Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 - PubMed Result ^ Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung canc...Am J Epidemiol. 1998 - PubMed Result ^ Dietary selenium repletion may reduce cancer incid...Nutr Rev. 1997 - PubMed Result ^ The genotoxicity of selenium. Mutat Res. 1985 - PubMed Result ^ Intervention studies on cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999 - PubMed Result ^ Blood serum selenium in the province of Mérida, Ve...J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1990 - PubMed Result ^ Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer pre...JAMA. 1996 - PubMed Result ^ Chemoprevention Database ^ Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and c...J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 - PubMed Result ^ Background and rationale behind the SU.VI.MAX Stud...Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998 - PubMed Result ^ The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-control...Arch Intern Med. 2004 - PubMed Result ^ Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT Home Page ^ Selenium and Chemotherapy - Nutrition Health ^ Selenium Cancer 1 - Nutrition Health ^ Nilsonne G, Sun X, Nyström C, Rundlöf A-K, Fernandes A P, Björnstedt M, and Dobra K 2006. Selenite induces apoptosis in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma cells through oxidative stress Free Radical Biol. Med. 416: 874-885.1 ^ Nutrients and HIV: part one - beta carotene and s...Altern Med Rev. 1999 - PubMed Result ^ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium ^ http://www.hdfoster.com/index.html#Publications ^ High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated w...J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997 - PubMed Result ^ Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive ...J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999 - PubMed Result ^ Micronutrient status in relationship to mortality ...Nutr Rev. 1998 - PubMed Result ^ Villamor E, Mugusi F, Urassa W, et al June 2008. A Trial of the Effect of Micronutrient Supplementation on Treatment Outcome, T Cell Counts, Morbidity, and Mortality in Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 197 11: 1499-1505. doi:10.1086/587846. PMID 18471061. ^ Serum Selenium and Diabetes in U.S. Adults - Bleys et al. 30 4: 829 - Diabetes Care ^ Watanabe C 2002. Modification of mercury toxicity by selenium: practical importance? PDF. Tohoku J Exp Med 196 2: 71-7. doi:10.1620/tjem.196.71. PMID 12498318. ^ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c5.pdf ^ Selenium ^ Chemistry : Periodic Table : selenium : key information ^ Allotropes - Group 13, Group 14, Group 15, Group 16 ^ Accessed Dec. 25, 2007 ^ Selenium sulfide. DermNet NZ ^ a b c d e Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, Venturi M. 2000 . Environmental iodine deficiency: A challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life? Thyroid. 10 8:727-9. ^ a b Venturi S, Venturi M. Evolution of Dietary Antioxidant Defences. 2007. European Epi-Marker. 11, 3 :1-12. http://web.tiscali.it/iodio/ ^ Cocchi M, Venturi S. 2000. Selenium and Iodide: ancient antioxidants of cellular membranes? 7th Internat. Symp. on Selenium in Biology and Medicine. Venice Italy. Abs. P-88 :134 ^ Küpper FC, Carpenter LJ, McFiggans GB, et al. 2008. Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.13;10519:6954-8. ^ a b Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. 1999 . Selenocysteine-containing proteins in mammals. J Biomed Sci. 6:151-160. ^ Stadtman TC. 1996 . Selenocysteine. Annu Rev Biochem. 65:83-100. ^ Lobanov AV, Fomenko DE, Zhang Y, et al. 2007. Evolutionary dynamics of eukaryotic selenoproteomes: large selenoproteomes may associate with aquatic life and small with terrestrial life. Genome Biol. 89:R198. ^ Castellano S, Novoselov SV, Kryukov GV, et al. 2004. Reconsidering the evolution of eukaryotic selenoproteins: a novel non-mammalian family with scattered phylogenetic distribution. EMBO Rep. 5 1:71-7. ^ Kryukov GV, Gladyshev VN. 2004. The prokaryotic selenoproteome. EMBO Rep. 5 :538-43. ^ Wilting R, Schorling S, Persson BC, Bock A. 1997. Selenoprotein synthesis in archaea: identification of an mRNA element of Methanococcus jannaschii probably directing selenocysteine insertion. J Mol Biol. 266 4 :637-41. ^ Zhang Y, Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN. 2005. The microbial selenoproteome of the Sargasso Sea. Genome Biol. 6 4 :R37. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Selenium Look up selenium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Los Alamos National Labs Chemistry Division - Selenium WebElements.com - Selenium National Institutes of Health page on Selenium ATSDR - Toxicological Profile: Selenium Peter van der Krogt elements site v d e Periodic table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Selenium Categories: Antioxidants | Chalcogens | Chemical elements | Dietary minerals | Element toxicology | Nonmetals | SeleniumHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية AzÉ™rbaycan বাংলা БеларуÑ?каÑ? Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego í•œêµì–´ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ हिनà¥?दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನà³?ನಡ Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lojban Magyar МакедонÑ?ки മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan O'zbek Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 23 August 2008, at 11:3
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.