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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - A Human Serum amyloid A1 Identifiers Symbol SAA1 Entrez 6288 HUGO 10513 OMIM 104750 RefSeq NM_199161 UniProt P02735 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p15.1 Human Serum amyloid A2 Identifiers Symbol SAA2 Entrez 6289 HUGO 10514 OMIM 104751 RefSeq NM_030754 UniProt P02735 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p15.1-p14 Human Serum amyloid A3, pseudogene Identifiers Symbol SAA3P Alt. Symbols SAA3 Entrez 6290 HUGO 10515 UniProt P22614 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p15.1-p14 Human Serum amyloid A4 Identifiers Symbol SAA4 Alt. Symbols C-SAA Entrez 6291 HUGO 10516 OMIM 104752 RefSeq NM_006512 UniProt P35542 Other data Locus Chr. 11 p15.1-p14 Serum amyloid A SAA proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein HDL in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively constitutive SAAs at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli acute phase SAAs. These proteins are predominantly produced by the liver.1 The conservation of these proteins throughout invertebrates and vertebrates suggests SAAs play a highly essential role in all animals.2 Acute phase serum amyloid A proteins Acute phase serum amyloid A proteins A-SAAs are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.3 Three acute phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2 and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are principally expressed and induced in the liver, while SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide LPS.3 Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans4, although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein.5 Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins A fourth SAA SAA4 was identified in humans and is expressed constitutively in the liver thus is defined as a constitutive SAA C-SAA.6 A similar protein has since been identified in the mouse that is now also called SAA4; it had originally been designated SAA5.78 References ^ Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS 1999. Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant. Eur. J. Biochem. 265 2: 501-23. PMID 10504381. ^ Manley PN, Ancsin JB, Kisilevsky R 2006. Rapid recycling of cholesterol: the joint biologic role of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A. Med. Hypotheses 66 4: 784-92. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.10.018. PMID 16337748. ^ a b Zhang N, Ahsan MH, Purchio AF, West DB 2005. Serum amyloid A-luciferase transgenic mice: response to sepsis, acute arthritis, and contact hypersensitivity and the effects of proteasome inhibition. J. Immunol. 174 12: 8125-34. PMID 15944321. ^ Betts JC, Edbrooke MR, Thakker RV, Woo P 1991. The human acute-phase serum amyloid A gene family: structure, evolution and expression in hepatoma cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 34 4: 471-82. PMID 1656519. ^ Kluve-Beckerman B, Drumm ML, Benson MD 1991. Nonexpression of the human serum amyloid A three SAA3 gene. DNA Cell Biol. 10 9: 651-61. PMID 1755958. ^ Steel DM, Sellar GC, Uhlar CM, Simon S, DeBeer FC, Whitehead AS 1993. A constitutively expressed serum amyloid A protein gene SAA4 is closely linked to, and shares structural similarities with, an acute-phase serum amyloid A protein gene SAA2. Genomics 16 2: 447-54. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1209. PMID 7686132. ^ de Beer MC, Kindy MS, Lane WS, de Beer FC 1994. Mouse serum amyloid A protein SAA5 structure and expression. J. Biol. Chem. 269 6: 4661-7. PMID 8308037. ^ de Beer MC, de Beer FC, Gerardot CJ, et al 1996. Structure of the mouse Saa4 gene and its linkage to the serum amyloid A gene family. Genomics 34 1: 139-42. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0253. PMID 8661036. v d e Acute phase proteins Amyloid SAP - SAA Other positive Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin - Alpha 1-antitrypsin - Alpha 2-macroglobulin - C-reactive protein - Ceruloplasmin - C3 - Fibrin - Haptoglobin - Haemopexin - Orosomucoid - Transferrin Negative Serum albumin v d e Metabolic disease: amyloidosis E85, 277.3 Forms of amyloid Serum amyloid P component - Serum amyloid A - Transthyretin - Beta-2 microglobulin - Bence Jones protein/Multiple myeloma - Amyloid precursor protein/Beta amyloid - Amylin Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis - AA amyloidosis - Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis - Senile systemic amyloidosis - Finnish type amyloidosis - Familial Merranean fever Organ-limited amyloidosis heart: Cardiac amyloidosis brain: Familial amyloid neuropathy - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy - Alzheimer's disease kidney: Familial renal amyloidosis cutaneous: Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A Categories: Genes on chromosome 11 | Metabolic disorders | Immune system | Acute phase proteinsHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Svenska This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 14:52
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