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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Speech disorder February 2008 Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is totally unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute. Contents 1 Classification 2 Causes 3 Treatment 4 Social effects of speech disorders 5 Famous people with speech impediments 6 Language disorders 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Classification Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking with respect to all parameters and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another. Stuttering is quite common. Cluttering, a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering. Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.1 Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/ may be considered a speech sound disorder, and subdivided into articulation disorders also called phonetic disorders and phonemic disorders. Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as speech impediments. However, this term is archaic. The acceptable, modern term is speech impairment. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components. There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:2 Sounds the patient can produce A: Phonemic- can be produced easily; used meaningfully and contrastively B: Phonetic- produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or contrastively; not used in connected speech Stimulable sounds A: Easily stimulable B: Stimulable after demonstration and probing i.e. with a tongue depressor Cannot produce the sound A: Cannot be produced voluntarily B: No production ever observed Causes In many cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as Cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse.3 Child abuse may also be a cause in some cases. 4 Treatment Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy5. In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools' special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness3.Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances. Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include; SLP's, specialists, family doctors, teachers,and parents/family members. Social effects of speech disorders Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. Famous people with speech impediments It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. Discuss To meet 's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup because it is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. ing help is available. June 2008 September 2007 Boris Karloff, lisp Humphrey Bogart, lisp Nicholas Brendon, actor - stutter Isaac Brock musician, lead singer of Modest Mouse. - lisp Win Butler, lead singer of Arcade Fire. - lisp Truman Capote, lisp Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister - lisp, cluttering, or stutter 1 Claudius, Roman Emperor - stutter Alcibiades, lisp Camille Desmoulins, journalist in the French Revolution; stutter Drag-on, rapper - stutter Gareth Gates, singer - formerly stutter Roy Jenkins, British politician - rhotacism Stephan Jenkins, singer/songwriter/musician Third Eye Blind - rhotacism Elton John, singer/songwriter, lisp Scatman John, scat singer - stutter James Earl Jones, actor - stutter Jim Jones, cult leader - lisp Boris Karloff, actor - lisp Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., environmental activist - spasmodic dysphonia Anthony Kiedis, singer Red Hot Chili Peppers - lisp Anybody Killa, rapper - lisp Steven Levitt, economist and author of Freakonomics; lisp Bob Love, former NBA player - stutter Shane MacGowan, singer The Pogues - rhotacism Keith and The Girl, podcaster - unknown Marilyn Monroe, actress - stutter Frank Muir, British comedy writer and personality on radio and television - rhotacism Kele Okereke, lead singer of band Bloc Party; rhotacism Mark Owen, singer in band Take That. -stutter Rick Parfitt, Status Quo rhythm guitarist and singer Diane Rehm, radio talk show host - spasmodic dysphonia Jonathan Ross, British television personality - rhotacism David Sedaris, author - lisp during childhood Shannon Sharpe, NFL color commentator and ex-pro football player; lisp, stutter drawl James Stewart, actor - stutter Joe Strummer, singer The Clash - rhotacism Richard Thompson, guitarist and singer-songwriter - stutter Mel Tillis, country music singer - stutter6 Barbara Walters, television personality - rhotacism and lisp Bruce Willis, actor and director - stutter Tiger Woods, golfer - stutter Will Young, singer - lisp Ben Wallace, NBA player - stutter RZA, Rapper - Stutter Busta Rhymes, Rapper - Stutter Dusty Rhodes wrestler, lisp Matthew Bellamy, lead singer of band Muse, rhotacism Kool G Rap, Rap Artist - Lisp Mike Tyson, Boxer - Lisp Ron Harper, Former NBA Basketball Player - Stutter Tom Klimczyk, comedian - Stutter Michael Phelps, swimmer - lisp Language disorders Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously. Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production7 See also List of voice disorders References Richard Luchsinger and Godfrey E. Arnold: Voice - Speech - Language. Clinical Communicology: Its Physiology and Pathology. - 1965 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, California. ^ Pinto JA, Corso RJ, Guilherme AC, Pinho SR, Nobrega Mde O.: Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases-a case report 2004, found on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrievedb=PubMedlist_uids=15070228dopt=Abstract ^ Deputy, Paul; Human Communication Disorders; March 10, 2008 ^ a b Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet FS11. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm ^ http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/childabuse.html Long Beach California Fire Department ^ Speech Defect. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-speechde.html ^ Famous people with disabilities. Disabled-World. http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/article_0060.shtml ^ Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet FS11 External links Speech and Language Disorders listing of the German mute language v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering v d e Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice R47-R49, 784 Aphasia/Dysphasia Expressive aphasia - Receptive aphasia - Conduction aphasia Other speech disturbances Dysarthria - Schizophasia Symbolic dysfunctions Dyslexia - Alexia - Agnosia Prosopagnosia, Astereognosis - Apraxia Ideomotor apraxia - Acalculia - Agraphia Voice disturbances Dysphonia - Aphonia Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Speech_disorder Categories: Communication disorders | Human voice | Speech and language pathology | Speech impedimentsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2008 | articles to be split from August 2008 | Cleanup from June 2008 | Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose | Articles needing additional references from September 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Lietuvių 日本語 Polski СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi This page was last modified on 23 August 2008, at 17:21
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