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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis Tick-borne meningoencephalitis Classification and external resources ICD-10 A84. ICD-9 063 DiseasesDB 29274 MeSH D004675 Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus Virus classification Group: Group IV +ssRNA Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus Tick-borne meningoencephalitis or Tick-borne encephalitis is a tick-borne viral infection of the central nervous system affecting humans as well as most other mammals. The virus can infect the brain encephalitis, the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord meningitis or both meningoencephalitis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected deer ticks or rarely through the non-pasteurized milk of infected cows. Sexual transmission has been documented in mice with vertical transmission to progeny. Sexual transmission with humans has never been documented. Contents 1 Etiology 2 Diagnosis 3 Treatment 3.1 Antibiotics 4 Progressive form and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 4.1 References 5 Footnotes 6 External links Etiology The responsible virus, Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus TBEV, is a member of the genus flavivirus. Other close relatives include Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, alkhurma virus, louping ill virus and the langat virus. TBE virus has two subtypes: a European subtype Tick vector: Ixodes ricinus b Far Eastern subtype Tick vector: Ixodes persulcatus Russia and Europe report between 10-12,000 human cases annually.citation needed The disease is incurable once manifest, but infection can be prevented by vaccination, and the virus can be inactivated, halting disease progression. In humans, the disease is lethal in approximately 1.2% of cases and leaves 15-20% of its survivors with permanent neurological damage.citation needed The former Soviet Union did a great deal of research on all tick borne disease including TBE viruses. Diagnosis The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF. Treatment There are four main catgeories of treatment for TBE:citation needed interferon treatment similar to interferon used for the treatment of Hepatitis C antibiotic treatment for possible tickborne coinfections Antibiotics The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. December 2007 Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. Although the TBE virus cannot be eradicated from the body, it can be inactivated.citation needed It can also be activated.citation needed Unfortunately, certain antibiotics activate the TBE virus while others have no effect. This is important because the TBE virus may be a coinfection with a Borrelia burgdorferi infection, Lyme disease, which is treated with antibiotics.citation needed Russian scientists studied this matter for years and their findings were as follows: gentamicin exerts no activating effect while streptomycin and ten other antibiotics activate the virus.citation needed They also found that the TBE virus is almost completely inactivated in mice by certain herbs: ledum, motherwort and blackcurrant.citation needed Progressive form and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. December 2007 Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. The TBE virus is a slow virus; it can take decades to become fulminant.citation needed This is termed the Progressive Form of the TBE Virus PFTBE. In 1983 in Russia, a follow-up study was done of patients 2-22 years after having acute TBE. PFTBE was found in 68%, the overwhelming majority of these developing ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.citation needed The first isolation of a TBE virus connected with ALS was in 1975 when 70% of the ALS cases in Hamburg, Germany were found to have had contact with this virus.citation needed In 1978, ALS was reproduced in laboratory animals by inoculation of the Schu virus, a TBE flavivirus, taken from the CSF of a patient with ALS.citation needed In regard to the sexual and vertical transmission of the TBE virus, it is thought provoking that conjugal and familial ALS have both been documented.citation needed References Günther G, Haglund M 2005. Tick-borne encephalopathies : epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. CNS Drugs 19 12: 1009-32. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519120-00004. PMID 16332143. Gerlinskaia LA, Bakhvalova VN, Morozova OV, Tsekhanovskaia NA, Matveeva VA, Moshkin MP 1997. Sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus in laboratory mice. Biull Eksp Biol Med 123 3: 327-8. doi:10.1007/BF02445427. PMID 9162247. Pogodina V, Bochkova N, Dzhivanian T, Levina L, Karganova G, Riasova R, Sergeeva V, Lashkevich V. The phenomenon of antigenic defectiveness in naturally circulating strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus and its possible connection to seronegative forms of the disease. Vopr Virusol 37 2: 103-7. PMID 1441427. Kondrusik M, Zajkowska J, Pancewicz S, SwierzbiÅ„ska R, Grygorczuk S, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T Mar-Apr 2005. Interferon gamma concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Neurol Neurochir Pol 39 2: 109-13. PMID 15871055. UmanekiÄ K, Dekonenko E 1983. Structure of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 83 8: 1173-9. PMID 6414202. Müller W, Hilgenstock F 1975. An uncommon case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with isolation of a virus from the CSF. J Neurol 211 1: 11-23. doi:10.1007/BF00312460. PMID 56428. Müller W, Schaltenbrand G 27 January 1978. Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent ALS. Laboratorium voor medische Microbiologie der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, the Netherlands. Kuno G, Artsob H, Karabatsos N, Tsuchiya K, Chang G 2001. Genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of powassan-related viruses of North America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 5: 671-6. PMID 11716135. Naumov R Apr-Jun 1999. Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease: the epizootiological parallels and monitoring. Med Parazitol Mosk: 20-6. PMID 10703201. Krylova N, Leonova G Jan-Feb 2001. Comparative in vitro study of the effectiveness of various immunomodulating substances in tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 46 1: 25-8. PMID 11233283. Ozherelkov S, Timofeev A, Novikova G, Deeva A, NarovlianskiÄ A, Sanin A, Pronin A Jan-Feb 2000. Protective effect of a new antiviral preparation of phosprenyl in experimental tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 45 1: 33-7. PMID 10695042. Malenko G, Pogodina V Mar-Apr . 1989. The search for antibiotics not exerting activating action in the persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vopr Virusol 34 2: 197-200. PMID 2788330. Pogodina V, Malenko G, Karmysheva V, Frolova M Jan-Feb 1999. Effect of gentamicin on persistence of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 44 1: 35-9. PMID 10190241. Malenko G, Pogodina V, Frolova M, Ivannikova T May-Jun 1996. Strategy for choosing antibiotics for treating bacterial infections associated with chronic tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 41 3: 138-41. PMID 8928510. Votiakov V, Mishaeva N, Protas I, IerusalimskiÄ A, Shutov A, Kovalenko V, Kichkil'deev N, SamoÄlova T, Drakina S, Zgirovskaia A 1992. The efficacy of lincomycin in tick-borne encephalitis. Klin Med Mosk 70 1: 65-7. PMID 1608216. Dzhivanian T, Korolev M, Lisak V, Karganova G, Kashtanova G Nov-Dec 1987. Action of tunicamycin on the infectivity and protein synthesis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vopr Virusol 32 6: 690-6. PMID 3445586. Malenko G, Pogodina V, Karmysheva V Mar-Apr 1984. Streptomycin--an activator of persisting tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vopr Virusol 29 2: 217-23. PMID 6730440. Fokina G, Frolova T, RoÄkhel' V, Pogodina V Jan-Feb 1991. Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol 36 1: 18-21. PMID 1858353. Corcia P, Jafari-Schluep H, Lardillier D, Mazyad H, Giraud P, Clavelou P, Pouget J, Camu W Apr 2003. A clustering of conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in southeastern France. Arch Neurol 60 4: 553-7. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.4.553. PMID 12707069. Rachele M, Mascia V, Tacconi P, Dessi N, Marrosu F, Giagheddu M Apr 1998. Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on a couple from Sardinia, Italy. Ital J Neurol Sci 19 2: 97-100. doi:10.1007/BF02427565. PMID 10935845. Poloni M, Micheli A, Facchetti D, Mai R, Ceriani F, Cattalini C Apr 1997. Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: toxic clustering or change?. Ital J Neurol Sci 18 2: 109-12. doi:10.1007/BF01999572. PMID 9239532. Camu W, Cadilhac J, Billiard M Mar 1994. Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a report on two couples from southern France. Neurology 44 3 Pt 1: 547-8. PMID 8145930. Cornblath D, Kurland L, Boylan K, Morrison L, Radhakrishnan K, Montgomery M Nov 1993. Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: report of a young married couple. Neurology 43 11: 2378-80. PMID 8232960. Footnotes External links Tickborne encephalitis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention v d e Infectious diseases - Virus diseases A80-B34, 042-079 CNS Encephalitis/ meningitis DNA virus: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis unknown: Encephalitis lethargica Eye DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus retinitis Other RNA virus: Rabies - Myelitis: Poliomyelitis Post-polio syndrome - Tropical spastic paraparesis Skin and mucous membrane lesions DNA virus, Herpesviridae: Herpes simplex - Chickenpox - Herpes zoster - KSHV DNA virus, other: Poxviridae Smallpox, Monkeypox, Cowpox, Vaccinia, Molluscum contagiosum - exanthem Roseola, Fifth disease - HPV Wart RNA virus: exanthem Measles, Rubella - picornavirus Hand, foot and mouth disease, Foot-and-mouth disease Digestive system Hepatitis DNA virus: B RNA virus: A - D - C - E - G Gastroenteritis DNA virus: Adenovirus RNA virus: Rotavirus - Norovirus - Astrovirus - Coronavirus Respiratory system RNA virus, IV: Acute viral nasopharyngitis - Severe acute respiratory syndrome RNA virus, V: Influenza/Avian influenza - Human parainfluenza viruses - RSV - hMPV Other/varied: Infectious mononucleosis - Viral pneumonia Sexually transmitted DNA virus: HPV Genital warts, Cervical cancer RNA virus, retrovirus: HIV AIDS, AIDS dementia complex - Adult T-cell leukemia Oncovirus DNA virus: Hepatitis B - HPV - Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RNA virus: Hepatitis C - HTLV Systemic DNA virus: Cytomegalovirus RNA virus: Mumps - Bornholm disease - Coxsackie B v d e Zoonotic Virus diseases - including haemorrhagic fevers A80-B34, 042-079 Arthropod/ Arbovirus Mosquito Bunyaviridae: Rift Valley fever - La Crosse encephalitis Flaviviridae: Japanese Encephalitis - Murray Valley encephalitis virus - Yellow fever - St. Louis Encephalitis - West Nile virus - Dengue fever Togaviridae: Chikungunya - O'nyong'nyong virus - Ross River virus Tick Bunyaviridae: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Flaviviridae: Omsk hemorrhagic fever - Kyasanur forest disease - Alkurma - Powassan - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis other: Colorado tick fever Mammal Rat Arenaviridae: Lassa fever - Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever - Argentine hemorrhagic fever - Bolivian hemorrhagic fever - Junin Bunyaviridae: Puumala - Andes - Sin Nombre - Haantan Bat Filoviridae: Ebola - Marburg hemorrhagic fever Rhabdoviridae: Australian bat lyssavirus - Mokola - Duvenhage Multiple primary vectors Rhabdoviridae: Rabies Other Bornaviridae: Menangle - Nipah - BDV v d e Tick-borne diseases Bacterial infection Boutonneuse fever - Ehrlichiosis Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Human monocytic ehrlichiosis - Lyme disease - Relapsing fever - Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Tularemia Viral infection Colorado tick fever - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Omsk hemorrhagic fever - Kyasanur forest disease Protozoan infection Babesiosis Neurotoxin Tick paralysis Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitis Categories: Encephalitis | Viral diseases | FlavivirusesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since February 2007 | NPOV disputes from December 2007 | All NPOV disputes Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 13:20
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