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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Turmeric Turmeric Curcuma longa Curcuma longa Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Subclass: Zingiberidae Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Curcuma Species: C. longa Binomial name Curcuma longa Linnaeus1 Turmeric Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae which is native to tropical South Asia. It needs temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees C. and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes, and re-seeded from some of those rhizomes in the following season. It is often misspelled or pronounced as tumeric. It is also known as kunyit Indonesian and Malay, Besar Nepali or haldi or pasupu in some Asian countries. In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian Saffron, since it is widely used as an alternative to far more expensive saffron spice. Its rhizomes are boiled for several hours and then dried in hot ovens, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in curries and other South Asian cuisine, for dyeing, and to impart color to mustard condiments. Its active ingredient is curcumin and it has an earthy, bitter, peppery flavor and has a mustardy smell. Sangli, a town in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra, is the largest and most important trading centre for turmeric in Asia or perhaps in the entire world.2 Contents 1 Usage 1.1 Culinary uses 1.2 Medicinal uses 1.3 Cosmetics 1.4 Dye 1.5 Gardening 2 International naming 3 Chemistry 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Usage Culinary uses Turmeric powder is used extensively in Indian cuisine. Turmeric powder is used extensively in Indian cuisine. Commercially packaged turmeric powder Commercially packaged turmeric powder In non-Indian recipes, turmeric is sometimes used as a coloring agent. It has found application in canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn color, sweets, cake icings, cereals, sauces, gelatins, etc. It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders. Turmeric coded as E100 when used as a food additive is used to protect food products from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. The curcumin/polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water containing products. Over-coloring, such as in pickles, relishes and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading. In combination with annatto E160b, turmeric has been used to color cheeses, yogurt, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broths and other foods often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron. Turmeric is widely used as a spice in Indian and other South Asian cooking. Momos Nepali meat dumplings, a traditional dish in South Asia, are spiced with turmeric. Medicinal uses Turmeric plant Turmeric plant In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric is thought to have many medicinal properties and many in India use it as a readily available antiseptic for cuts, burns and bruises. Practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine say it has fluoride which is thought to be essential for teeth. It is also used as an antibacterial agent. It is taken in some Asian countries as a dietary supplement, which allegedly helps with stomach problems and other ailments. It is popular as a tea in Okinawa, Japan. It is currently being investigated for possible benefits in Alzheimer's disease, cancer and liver disorders. Turmeric rhizome Turmeric rhizome It is only in recent years that Western scientists have increasingly recognised the medicinal properties of turmeric. According to a 2005 article in the Wall Street Journal titled, Common Indian Spice Stirs Hope, research activity into curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is exploding. Two hundred and fifty-six curcumin papers were published in the past year according to a search of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Supplement sales have increased 35% from 2004, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health has four clinical trials underway to study curcumin treatment for pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, Alzheimer's, and colorectal cancer. Turmeric rhizome Turmeric rhizome A 2004 UCLA-Veterans Affairs study involving genetically altered mice suggests that curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, might inhibit the accumulation of destructive beta amyloids in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and also break up existing plaques. Curcumin has been used for thousands of years as a safe anti-inflammatory in a variety of ailments as part of Indian traditional medicine, Gregory Cole, Professor of medicine and neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA said. Another 2004 study conducted at Yale University involved oral administration of curcumin to mice homozygous for the most common allele implicated in cystic fibrosis. Treatment with curcumin restored physiologically-relevant levels of protein function.3 Anti-tumoral effects against melanoma cells have been demonstrated.4 A recent study involving mice has shown that turmeric slows the spread of breast cancer into lungs and other body parts. Turmeric also enhances the effect of taxol in reducing metastasis of breast cancer.5 Curcumin is thought to be a powerful antinociceptive pain-relieving agent. In the November 2006 issue of Arthritis Rheumatism, a study was published that showed the effectiveness of turmeric in the reduction of joint inflammation, and recommended clinical trials as a possible treatment for the alleviation of arthritis symptoms.6 It is thought to work as a natural inhibitor of the cox-2 enzyme, and has been shown effective in animal models for neuropathic pain secondary to diabetes, among others.7 Presenting their findings at the Endocrine Society's annual meeting in San Francisco in June 2008, researchers discovered that turmeric-treated mice were less susceptible to developing type 2 diabetes, based on their blood glucose levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests. They also discovered that turmeric-fed obese mice showed significantly reduced inflammation in fat tissue and liver compared to controls. They speculate that curcumin in the turmeric lessens insulin resistance and prevents type 2 diabetes in these mouse models by dampening the inflammatory response provoked by obesity.8 Cosmetics Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. August 2008 Turmeric is currently used in the formulation of some sunscreens. Turmeric paste is used by some Indian women to keep them free of superfluous hair. Turmeric paste is applied to bride and groom before marriage in some places of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, where it is believed turmeric gives glow to skin and keeps some harmful bacteria away from the body. The Government of Thailand is funding a project to extract and isolate tetrahydrocurcuminoids THC from turmeric. THCs not to be confused with tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC are colorless compounds that might have antioxidant and skin-lightening properties and might be used to treat skin inflammations, making these compounds useful in cosmetics formulations. Dye Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye as it is not very lightfast the degree to which a dye resists fading due to light exposure. However, turmeric is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as a sari. Gardening Turmeric can also be used to deter ants. The exact reasons why turmeric repels ants is unknown, but anecdotal evidence suggests it works.9 International naming ಅರಿಶಿಣ in Kannada हळद Halad in Marathi Haldi in Hindi and Urdu. Haldar in Gujarati ਹਲਦੀ Haldi in Punjabi. Haruut in Somali Holdi or Holood in Bengali. আনà§?দি Andi in Bishnupriya Manipuri மஞà¯?சளà¯? manchal, literal: Yellow in Tamil. పసà±?à°ªà±? pasupu in Telugu. 姜黄 jiang huang, literal: Ginger Yellow in Chinese. Nghệ in Vietnamese. Lmeat in Khmer. زردچوبه Zardchubeh in Persian. 'ÅŒlena in Hawaiian Gelbwurz literal: Yellow Root or Kurkuma in German. Gurkemeje in Danish. Kurkuma or Japonský Å¡afrán literal: Japanese Safron in Czech. Kunyit in Malay and Indonesian. كركم Kurkum in Arabic כורכו×? Kurkum in Hebrew Palillo in Spanish South America മഞàµ?à´žà´³àµ?â€? manjal in Malayalam Куркума Kurkuma in Russian Kurkuma in Polish زه‌رده‌چه‌وه Zardachawa in Kurdish Kaha in Sinhala Curcuma in Portuguese Куркума Kurkuma in Macedonian Kurcuma in Finnish Chemistry Curcumin Keto form Curcumin Keto form Curcumin Enol form Curcumin Enol form Turmeric contains up to 5% essential oils and up to 3% curcumin, a polyphenol. It is the active substance of turmeric and it is also known as C.I. 75300, or Natural Yellow 3. The systematic chemical name is 1E,6E-1,7-bis4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione. It can exist at least in two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. The keto form is preferred in solid phase and the enol form in solution. See also Kumkum References ^ Curcuma longa information from NPGS/GRIN. www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-03-04. ^ SANGLI...The Turmeric City of India n home of brights ^ sciencemag ^ ncbi ^ army.mil ^ interscience.wiley.com ^ Sharma S, Kulkarni SK, Agrewala JN, Chopra K. Curcumin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 May 1; 5363: 256-61 ^ Newswise: Common Cooking Spice Shows Promise in Combating Diabetes and Obesity Retrieved on June 22, 2008. ^ gardenweb.com External links Turmeric health benefits, side effects, and additional details Turmeric info from the National Institute of Health NIH Turmeric List of Chemicals Dr. Duke's Plant Cultures: review of botany, history and uses v d e Herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil Basil, holy Basil, Thai Bay leaf Boldo Bolivian Coriander Borage Chervil Chives Cicely Coriander leaf cilantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Elsholtzia ciliata Epazote Eryngium foetidum long coriander Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata giấp cá Hyssop Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica rice paddy herb Lovage Marjoram Mint Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla shiso Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Vietnamese coriander rau răm Woodruff Spices Ajwain bishop's weed Aleppo pepper Allspice Amchur mango powder Anise Aromatic ginger Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom Cardamom, black Cassia Cayenne pepper Celery seed Chenpi Chili Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Cumin, black Dill dill seed Fennel Fenugreek Fingerroot krachai Galangal, greater Galangal, lesser Garlic Ginger Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Liquorice Mace Mahlab Malabathrum tejpat Mustard, black Mustard, brown Mustard, white Nigella kalonji Nutmeg Paprika Peppercorn black, green white Pepper, long Pepper, Brazilian Pepper, Peruvian Pomegranate seed anardana Poppy seed Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Sichuan pepper huÄ?jiÄ?o, sansho Star anise Sumac Tasmanian pepper Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Vanilla Wasabi Zedoary Zest Herb and spice mixtures Adjika Advieh Afghan spice rub Baharat Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Crab boil Curry powder Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic salt Harissa Herbes de Provence Jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Masala Mitmita Mixed spice Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat Daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Za'atar Lists of herbs and spices List of Australian herbs and spices Chinese herbs List of Indian spices List of culinary herbs and spices Related topics Marinating Spice rub Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Turmeric Categories: Zingiberaceae | Spices | Food colorings | Natural dyes | Chemopreventive agents | Indian ingredients | Medicinal plants | Pakistani ingredientsHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since August 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bân-lâm-gú БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français हिनà¥?दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย faka-Tonga Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 04:03
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