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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Willow Redirected from Willow tree For other uses, see Willow disambiguation. Salix redirects here. For other uses, see Salix disambiguation. Osier redirects here. For the ghost town, see Osier, Colorado. Willow Salix × sepulcralis - weeping willow Salix × sepulcralis - weeping willow Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales Family: Salicaceae Genus: Salix L. Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - violet willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska willow Salix alba - white willow Salix alpina - alpine willow Salix amygdaloides - peachleaf willow Salix arbuscula - mountain willow Salix arbusculoides - littletree willow Salix arctica - arctic willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - eared willow Salix babylonica - Peking willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana - Barratt's willow Salix bebbiana - beaked willow Salix boothii - Booth willow Salix bouffordii Salix brachycarpa - barren-ground willow Salix cacuminis Salix canariensis Salix candida - sage willow Salix caprea - goat willow Salix caroliniana - coastal plain willow Salix chaenomeloides Salix chilensis Salix cinerea - grey sallow Salix cordata Salix daphnoides Salix delnortensis Salix discolor - pussy willow Salix eastwoodiae - Eastwood's willow Salix eleagnos Salix eriocarpa Salix eriocephala - heartleaf willow Salix excelsa Salix exigua - sandbar willow Salix foetida Salix fragilis - crack willow Salix futura Salix geyeriana Salix gilgiana Salix glauca Salix gooddingii - Goodding willow Salix gracilistyla Salix hainanica - Hainan willow Salix helvetica - Swiss willow Salix herbacea - dwarf willow Salix hirsuta Salix hookeriana - Hooker's willow Salix hultenii Salix humboldtiana - Chile willow Salix humilis - upland willow Salix integra Salix interior Salix japonica Salix jessoensis Salix koriyanagi Salix kusanoi Salix lanata - woolly willow Salix lapponum - downy willow Salix lasiandra - Pacific willow Salix lasiolepis - Arroyo willow Salix lucida - shining willow Salix magnifica Salix matsudana - Chinese willow Salix miyabeana Salix mucronata Salix myrtilloides - swamp sillow Salix myrsinifolia - dark-leaved willow Salix myrsinites - whortle-leaved willow Salix nakamurana Salix nigra - black willow Salix pedicellaris - bog willow Salix pentandra - bay willow Salix petiolaris - slender willow Salix phylicifolia - tea-leaved willow Salix planifolia- planeleaf willow Salix polaris - polar willow Salix pseudo-argentea Salix purpurea - purple willow Salix pyrifolia - balsam willow Salix reinii Salix repens - creeping willow Salix reticulata - net-leaved willow Salix retusa Salix rorida Salix rosmarinifolia - rosemary-leaved willow Salix rupifraga Salix salicicola Salix schwerinii Salix scouleriana - Scouler's willow Salix sericea - silky willow Salix serissaefolia Salix serissima - autumn willow Salix shiraii Salix sieboldiana Salix sitchensis - Sitka willow Salix subfragilis Salix subopposita Salix taraikensis Salix tetrasperma Salix thorelii Salix triandra - almond willow Salix udensis Salix viminalis - common osier Salix vulpina Salix waldsteiniana Salix wallichiana Salix wilmsii Salix woodii Salix yezoalpina Salix yoshinoi Willows, sallows and osiers form the genus Salix, around 400 species1 of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are called sallow the latter name is derived from the Latin word salix, willow. Some willows particularly arctic and alpine species, are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example the dwarf willow Salix herbacea rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground. Willows are very cross-fertile and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation. A well known example is the weeping willow Salix × sepulcralis, very widely planted as an ornamental tree, which is a hybrid of a Chinese species and a European species - Peking willow and white willow. Contents 1 Description 1.1 Flowers 1.2 Fruit 2 Cultivation 3 Ecological issues 4 Uses 4.1 Medicinal uses 4.2 Other uses 5 Willow in human culture 5.1 In literature 6 Pictures 7 See also 8 External links 9 References Description The willows all have abundant watery sap, bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large, fibrous, often stoloniferous roots. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life, and roots readily grow from aerial parts of the plant. The leaves are typically elongated but may also be round to oval, frequently with a serrated margin. All the buds are lateral; no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. The buds are covered by a single scale, enclosing at its base two minute opposite buds, alternately arranged, with two, small, scale-like, fugacious, opposite leaves. The leaves are alternate, except the first pair which fall when about an inch long. They are simple, feather-veined, and typically linear-lanceolate. Usually they are serrate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate. The leaf petioles are short, the stipules often very conspicuous, looking like tiny round leaves and sometimes remaining for half the summer. On some species, however, they are small, inconspicuous, and fugacious soon falling. In color the leaves show a great variety of greens, ranging from yellowish to bluish. Flowers Willows are dioecious with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on different plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves, or as the new leaves open. The staminate male flowers are without either calyx or corolla; they consist simply of stamens, varying in number from two to ten, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is oval and entire and very hairy. The anthers are rose colored in the bud but orange or purple after the flower opens, they are two-celled and the cells open longitudinally. The filaments are threadlike, usually pale yellow, and often hairy. The pistillate female flowers are also without calyx or corolla; and consist of a single ovary accompanied by a small flat nectar gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is likewise borne on the rachis of a catkin. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous. Fruit The fruit is a small, one-celled, two-valved, cylindrical beaked capsule containing numerous tiny 0.1 mm seeds. The seeds are furnished with long, silky, white hairs, which allow the fruit to be widely dispersed by the wind. Cultivation Almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. There are a few exceptions, including the goat willow and peachleaf willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope, who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk. This twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of England's weeping willows are descended from this first one.2 Willows are often planted on the borders of streams so that their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water. Frequently the roots are much larger than the stem which grows from them. Ecological issues Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera that feed on willows. A number of willow species were widely planted in Australia, notably as erosion control measures along watercourses. They are now regarded as an invasive weed and many catchment management authorities are removing them to be replaced with native trees.34 Uses Medicinal uses The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt5 as a remedy for aches and fever,6 and the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. This is because they contain salicylic acid, the precursor to aspirin. In 1763 its medicinal properties were observed by the Reverend Edward Stone in England. He notified the Royal Society who published his findings. The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water pH = 2.4, and is called salicylic acid for that reason. In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin in his case derived from the Spiraea plant, which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally Acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs. Other uses As a plant Agroforestry, biofiltration, constructed wetlands, ecological wastewater treatment systems, hedges, land reclamation, landscaping, phytoremediation, streambank stabilisation bioengineering, slope stabilisation, soil erosion control, shelterbelt windbreak, soil building, soil reclamation, tree bog compost toilet, wildlife habitat Agriculture Willow bark contains auxins: plant growth hormones, especially those used for rooting new cuttings. The bark can even be used to make a simple extract that will promote cutting growth. Apiculture Willow trees produce a modest amount of nectar that bees can make honey from, and are especially valued as a source of pollen for bees. Energy source Charcoal, energy forestry such as the Willow Biomass Project Wood Boxes, brooms, cricket bats grown from certain strains of white willow, cradle boards, chairs and other furniture, dolls, flutes, poles, sweat lodges, toys, turnery, tool handles, veneer, wands, whistles Wicker often from osiers Basket weaving, fish traps, wattle fences, wattle and daub Other wood-derived products Fibre plants, paper, rope and string, tannin Art Willow charcoal for drawing, living sculpture Religion As one of the Four Species used in a ceremony on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. Also the willow is one of the nine sacred trees mentioned in wicca and witchcraft, with several magical uses. Willow in human culture The willow is a famous subject in many East Asian nations' cultures particularly painting pen and ink in China and Japan. Gisaeng Hongrang, who lived in the middle of the Joseon period, wrote: like willow I will be the willow on your bedside. Hongrang wrote this poem by the willow in the rain in the evening which she gave to her parting lover7clarify . In English folklore, a willow tree is believed to be quite sinister, capable of uprooting itself and stalking travellers. Willow trees are quite prevalent in folklore and myths8 9. In literature Hans Christian Andersen wrote a story called Under The Willow Tree 1853 in which children ask questions of a tree they call 'willow-father', paired with another entity called 'elder-mother'. Green Willow is a Japanese ghost story in which a young samurai falls in love with a woman called Green Willow who has a close spiritual connection with a willow tree. The Willow Wife is another, not dissimilar tale. Wisdom of the Willow Tree is an Osage Nation story in which a young man seeks answers from a Willow tree, addressing the tree in conversation as 'Grandfather'. In JK Rowling's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, there is an ancient tree on the school grounds of Hogwarts called the Whomping Willow. It is provided as a hiding spot of a secret passageway that Professor Remus Lupin roamed through every full moon when he began his transformation into a werewolf. Also, in William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the character Ophelia climbed a Willow tree when a branch broke and dropped her into the river below where she drowned. Pictures Weeping willow Salix × sepulcralis in Auckland, New Zealand Dwarf willow Salix herbacea, Sweden Willow catkin Salix discolor Sallow catkin Salix caprea Willow leaves Salix × sepulcralis Willow tree in a painting by Chinese artist Li Di, 12th century, Song Dynasty. Salix discolor used in a decorative arrangement outside a hotel in Boston, Massachusetts. See also Aravah, the Hebrew name of the willow, for its ritual use during the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles External links Salix alba at plants for a future Salix purpurea at plants for a future 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica but see this Salix caroliniana images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Salix nigra images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Willow Cuttings References ^ Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ^ Hone, William 1826. August 9. The Every-Day Book Electronic ion. Hone quotes Martyn, and notes that Martyn in turn cites the St. James's Chronicle, for August, 1801. ^ Albury/Wodonga Willow Management Working Group December 1998. Willows along watercourses: managing, removing and replacing. Department of Primary Industries, State Government of Victoria. ^ Cremer, Kurt W. 2003. Introduced willows can become invasive pests in Australia PDF. ^ James Breasted English translation. The Edwin Smith Papyrus. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. ^ An aspirin a day keeps the doctor at bay: The world's first blockbuster drug is a hundred years old this week. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. ^ The Forest of Willows in Our Minds, Arirang TV August 20th, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-September 10th. ^ In Worship of Trees by George Knowles: Willow. ^ Mythology and Folklore of the Willow. Keeler, Harriet L. 1900. Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 393-395. Newsholme, C. 1992. Willows: The Genus Salix. ISBN 0-88192-565-9 Warren-Wren, S.C. 1992. The Complete Book of Willows. ISBN 0-498-01262-X Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Salix v d e Anesthetic: Ancient anaesthesia Plants/animals Aconite Argyreia speciosa Castoreum Cannabis Coca Deadly nightshade Henbane Lactucarium Mandrake Metel nut Opium Poison hemlock Saussurea Toloatzin Willow People Abulcasis Avicenna Celsus Dioscorides Galen Hippocrates Rhazes SabuncuoÄŸlu Susrutha Theophrastus Zhang Molecules Aconitine Δ9-THC Atropine Cocaine Coniine Hyoscyamine Morphine Salicylate Scopolamine Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Willow Categories: Medicinal plants | Salicaceae | Trees | Trees of AlaskaHidden category: articles needing clarification Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Иронау Italiano עברית Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lietuvių Magyar МакедонÑ?ки NÄ?huatl ÐрзÑ?нь Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sámegiella Shqip Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 06:17
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