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07-SEPTEMBER-2008 03:17:44 - Withdrawal For other meanings, see Withdrawal disambiguation. Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes physical dependence is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. The term can also, less formally, refer to symptoms that appear after discontinuing a drug or other substance unable to cause true physical dependence that one has become psychologically dependent upon. Examples are: alcohol withdrawal syndrome delirium tremens benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome methadone withdrawal symptoms SSRI discontinuation syndrome neonatal abstinence syndrome Contents 1 Overview 2 Withdrawal from drugs of abuse 3 Withdrawal from prescription medicine 4 Rebound 5 Neonatal abstinence syndrome 6 Pseudoabstinence 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview The sustained use of many kinds of drugs causes reversible adaptations within the body that tend to lessen the drug's original effects over time, a phenomenon known as drug tolerance. To have these adaptations to a drug is to have a physical dependency on it, for when the drug is suddenly discontinued or decreased, the adaptations do not immediately disappear. Unopposed by the drug, the adaptations appear as withdrawal signs and symptoms that are generally the opposite of the drug's direct effects. Depending primarily on the drug's elimination half-life, withdrawal symptoms can appear within a few hours to several days after discontinuation. The withdrawal symptoms associated with many recreational drugs are well-known. However, many drugs that do not generally cause euphoria, and are therefore not generally abused or thought of as addictive, also induce physical dependence with associated withdrawal. Examples include beta blockers, corticosteroids such as cortisone, many anticonvulsants and most antidepressants. Nevertheless, sudden withdrawal from these medications can be harmful or even fatal; this is why many prescription labels explicitly warn the patient not to discontinue the drug without doctor approval. Withdrawal from drugs of abuse Central to the role of nearly all drugs that are commonly abused to produce euphoria is the nucleus accumbens, the brain's pleasure center. Neurons in the nucleus accumbens use the neurotransmitter dopamine, so while specific mechanisms vary, nearly every drug of abuse either stimulates dopamine release or enhances its activity, directly or indirectly. Sustained use of the drug results in less and less stimulation of the nucleus accumbens until eventually it produces no euphoria at all. Discontinuation of the drug then produces a withdrawal syndrome characterized by dysphoria - the opposite of euphoria - as nucleus accumbens activity declines below normal levelscitation needed Withdrawal symptoms can vary significantly among individuals, but there are some commonalities. Subnormal activity in the nucleus accumbens is often characterized by depression, anxiety and craving, and if extreme can help drive the individual to continue the drug despite significant harm - the definition of addiction - or even to suicidecitation needed However, addiction is to be carefully distinguished from physical dependence. Addiction is a psychological compulsion to use a drug despite harm that often persists long after all physical withdrawal symptoms have abated. On the other hand, the mere presence of even profound physical dependence does not necessarily denote addiction, e.g., in a patient using large doses of opioids to control chronic pain under medical supervisioncitation needed. As the symptoms vary, some people are, for example, able to quit smoking cold turkey i.e., immediately, without any tapering off while others may never find success despite repeated efforts. However, the length and the degree of an addiction can be indicative of the severity of withdrawalcitation needed Withdrawal is a more serious medical issue for some substances than for others. While nicotine withdrawal, for instance, is usually managed without medical intervention, attempting to give up a benzodiazepine or alcohol dependency can result in seizures and worse if not carried out properly. An instantaneous full stop to a long, constant alcohol use can lead to delirium tremens, which may be fatalcitation needed. An interesting side-note is that while physical dependence and withdrawal on discontinuation is virtually inevitable with the sustained use of certain classes of drugs, notably the opioids, psychological addiction is much less common. Most chronic pain patients, as mentioned earlier, are one example. There are also documented cases of soldiers who used heroin recreationally in Vietnam during the war, but who gave it up when they returned homecitation needed see Rat Park for experiments on rats showing the same results. It is thought that the severity or otherwise of withdrawal is related to the person's preconceptions about withdrawal. In other words, people can prepare to withdraw by developing a rational set of beliefs about what they are likely to experience. Self-help materials are available for this purposecitation needed. Withdrawal from prescription medicine As mentioned earlier, many drugs should not be stopped abruptly1 without the advice and supervision of a physician, especially if the medication induces dependence or if the condition they are being used to treat is potentially dangerous and likely to return once medication is stopped, such as diabetes, asthma, heart conditions and many psychological or neurological conditions, like epilepsy, hypertension, schizophrenia and psychosis. To be safe, consult a doctor before discontinuing any prescription medication. Sudden cessation of the use of an antidepressant can deepen the feel of depression significantly see Rebound below, and some specific antidepressants can cause a unique set of other symptoms as well when stopped abruptly. Discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs, the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants, and the related class serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs is associated with a particular syndrome of physical and psychological symptoms known as SSRI discontinuation syndrome. Effexor venlafaxine and Paxil paroxetine, both of which have relatively short half-lives in the body, are the most likely of the antidepressants to cause withdrawals. Prozac fluoxetine, on the other hand, is the least likely of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants to cause any withdrawal symptoms, due to its exceptionally long half-life. Rebound Many substances can cause rebound effects significant return of the original symptom in absence of the original cause when discontinued, regardless of their tendency to cause other withdrawal symptoms. Rebound depression is common among users of any antidepressant who stop the drug abruptly, whose states are sometimes worse than the original before taking medication. This is somewhat similar though generally less intense and more drawn out than the 'crash' that users of ecstasy, amphetamines, and other stimulants experience. Occasionally light users of opiates that would otherwise not experience much in the way of withdrawals will notice some rebound depression as well. Extended use of drugs that increase the amount of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain can cause some receptors to 'turn off' temporarily or become desensitized, so, when the amount of the neurotransmitter available in the synapse returns to an otherwise normal state, there are fewer receptors to attach to, causing feelings of depression until the brain re-adjusts. Other drugs that commonly cause rebound are: Nasal decongestants, such as Afrin oxymetazoline and Otrivin xylometazoline, which can cause rebound congestion if used for more than a few days Many analgesics including Advil, Motrin ibuprofen, Aspirin acetylsalicylic acid, Tylenol acetaminophen or paracetamol, and some prescription but non-narcotic painkillers, which can cause rebound headaches when taken for extended periods of time. Sedatives and benzodiazepines, which can cause rebound insomnia when used regularly as sleep aids. With these drugs, the only way to relieve the rebound symptoms is to stop the medication causing them and weather the symptoms for a few days; if the original cause for the symptoms is no longer present, the rebound effects will go away on their own. Neonatal abstinence syndrome Neonatal abstinence syndrome NAS is a withdrawal syndrome of infants, caused by administration of drugs. There are two types of NAS, prenatal and postnatal. Prenatal NAS is caused by substance abuse by the mother, while postnatal NAS is caused by discontinuation of drugs directly to the infant. 2 The drugs involved are e.g. opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs and alcoholic beverages.2 Pseudoabstinence Pseudoabstinence is used by some authors3 to describe signs of withdrawal although the dose remains constant. Such signs may arise in use of benzodiazepines3 and amphetamines. See also Chemical dependency Drug tolerance Hangover References ^ 2002 in Peter Lehmann: Coming off Psychiatric Drugs. Germany: Peter Lehmann Publishing. 1-891408-98-4. ^ a b emedicine.com - Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Author: Jaques Belik, MD ^ a b www.iuphar.org/case-studies/czelderlybz.doc Confusion in the third age External links Fact sheets, detox information and harm reduction strategies concerning illicit drugs v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Withdrawal Categories: Drug rehabilitation | Drug addictionHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Türkçe This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 11:34
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