Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
14-September-2008 11:27:24 - Androgen Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens, which were first discovered in 1936, are also called androgenic hormones or testoids. Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids. They are also the precursor of all estrogens, the female sex hormones. The primary and most well-known androgen is testosterone. Contents 1 Types of androgens 2 Androgen functions 2.1 Development of the male 2.1.1 Testes formation 2.1.2 Androgen production 2.1.3 Androgen effects 2.1.4 Early regulation 2.2 Spermatogenesis 2.3 Inhibition of fat deposition 2.4 Muscle mass 2.5 Brain 3 Insensitivity to androgen in humans 4 See also 5 References Types of androgens Steroidogenesis, showing the relation between several androgens at bottom left. Estrone and estradiol, in contrast, are estrogens. Steroidogenesis, showing the relation between several androgens at bottom left. Estrone and estradiol, in contrast, are estrogens. A subset of androgens, adrenal androgens, includes any of the 19-carbon steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex, the outer portion of the adrenal gland zonula reticularis - innermost region of the adrenal cortex, that function as weak steroids or steroid precursors, including dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEA-S, and androstenedione. Besides testosterone, other androgens include: Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA: a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. Androstenedione Andro: an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Use of androstenedione as an athletic or body building supplement has been banned by the International Olympic Committee as well as other sporting organizations. Androstenediol: the steroid metabolite that is thought to act as the main regulator of gonadotropin secretion. Androsterone: a chemical by-product created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from progesterone, that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone. It is found in approximately equal amounts in the plasma and urine of both males and females. Dihydrotestosterone DHT: a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. It is produced in the adrenal cortex. Androgen functions Development of the male Testes formation During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes.1 In humans, starting at about week 4 the gonadal rudiments are present within the intermediate mesoderm adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6, epithelial sex cords develop within the forming testes and incorporate the germ cells as they migrate into the gonads. In males, certain Y chromosome genes, particularly SRY, control development of the male phenotype, including conversion of the early bipotential gonad into testes. In males, the sex cords fully invade the developing gonads. Androgen production The mesoderm-derived epithelial cells of the sex cords in developing testes become the Sertoli cells which will function to support sperm cell formation. A minor population of non-epithelial cells appear between the tubules by week 8 of human fetal development. These are Leydig cells. Soon after they differentiate, Leydig cells begin to produce androgens. Androgen effects The androgens function as paracrine hormones required by the Sertoli cells in order to support sperm production. They are also required for masculinization of the developing male fetus including penis and scrotum formation. Under the influence of androgens, remnants of the mesonephron, the Wolffian ducts, develop into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, AMH, which prevents the embryonic Müllerian ducts from developing into fallopian tubes and other female reproductive tract tissues in male embryos. AMH and androgens cooperate to allow for the normal movement of testes into the scrotum. Early regulation Before the production of the pituitary hormone LH by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG promotes the differentiation of Leydig cells and their production of androgens. Androgen action in target tissues often involves conversion of testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone DHT. Spermatogenesis During puberty, androgen, LH and FSH production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming the seminiferous tubules, and the germ cells start to differentiate into sperm. Throughout adulthood, androgens and FSH cooperatively act on Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production.2 Exogenous androgen supplements can be used as a male contraceptive. Elevated androgen levels caused by use of androgen supplements can inhibit production of LH and block production of endogenous androgens by Leydig cells. Without the locally high levels of androgens in testes due to androgen production by Leydig cells, the seminiferous tubules can degenerate resulting in infertility. For this reason, many transdermal androgen patches are applied to the scrotum. Inhibition of fat deposition Males typically have less adipose tissue than females. Recent results indicate that androgens inhibit the ability of some fat cells to store lipids by blocking a signal transduction pathway that normally supports adipocyte function.3 Also, androgens, but not estrogens, increase beta adrenergic receptors while decreasing alpha adrenargic receptors- which results in increased levels of epinephrine/ norepinephrine due to lack of alpha-2 receptor negative feedback and decreased fat accumulation due to epinephrine/ norepinephrine then acting on lipolysis-inducing beta receptors. Muscle mass Males typically have more skeletal muscle mass than females. Androgens promote the enlargement of skeletal muscle cells and probably act in a coordinated manner to enhance muscle function by acting on several cell types in skeletal muscle tissue.4 One type of cell that conveys hormone signals to generating muscle is the myoblast. Higher androgen levels lead to increased expression of androgen receptor. Fusion of myoblasts generates myotubes, in a proccess that is linked to androgen receptor levels.5 Brain Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some neurons are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen levels have been implicated in the regulation of human aggression6 and libido. Insensitivity to androgen in humans Reduced ability of a XY karyotype fetus to respond to androgens can result in one of several problems, including infertility and several forms of intersex conditions. See androgen insensitivity syndrome AIS. See also List of steroid abbreviations andrology antiandrogen Endocrine system References ^ Online textbook: Developmental Biology 6th ed. By Scott F. Gilbert 2000 published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. of Sunderland MA. ^ Online textbook: Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach by S. S. Nussey and S. A. Whitehead 2001 published by BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ltd; Oxford, UK. ^ Full text article available in PDF format: Testosterone Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells: Nuclear Translocation of Androgen Receptor Complex with beta-Catenin and TCF4 may Bypass Canonical Wnt Signaling to Downregulate Adipogenic Transcription Factors by R. Singh, J. N. Artaza, W. E. Taylor, M. Braga, X. Yuan, N. F. Gonzalez-Cadavid and S Bhasin in Endocrinology 2005 Entrez PubMed 16210377 ^ Androgen Receptor in Human Skeletal Muscle and Cultured Muscle Satellite Cells: Up-Regulation by Androgen Treatment by Indrani Sinha-Hikim, Wayne E. Taylor, Nestor F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, Wei Zheng and Shalender Bhasin in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 2004 volume 89 pages 5245-5255. ^ Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ 2005. Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene. J. Biol. Chem. 280 9: 7786-92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413992200. PMID 15623502. ^ Full text article available in PDF format: Testosterone and aggressiveness by Marco Giammanco, Garden Tabacchi, Santo Giammanco, Danila Di Majo and Maurizio La Guardia in Endocrinology 2005 Entrez PubMed 16210377 v d e Sex hormones and related agents primarily G03, also L02, H01C - human endogenous in CAPS Progestogens: receptor Agonist PROGESTERONE, Dienogest, Desogestrel, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, Ethisterone, Etonogestrel, Ethynodiol diacetate, Gestodene, Gestonorone, Levonorgestrel, Lynestrenol, Medroxyprogesterone, Megestrol, Norelgestromin, Norethisterone, Norethynodrel, Norgestimate, Norgestrel, Norgestrienone, Tibolone SPRM Asoprisnil, CDB-4124 Antiprogestogen Mifepristone Androgens: receptor Agonist TESTOSTERONE, Androstanolone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone, Methyltestosterone, see also anabolic steroids Antiandrogen Bicalutamide, Cyproterone, Dienogest, Flutamide, Nilutamide, Spironolactone Estrogens: receptor Agonist ESTRADIOL, ESTRIOL, ESTRONE, Chlorotrianisene, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Mestranol, Polyestradiol phosphate SERM Afimoxifene, Arzoxifene, Bazedoxifene, Clomifene, Fulvestrant, Lasofoxifene, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene AI Aminoglutethimide, Anastrozole, Atamestane, Exemestane, Fadrozole, Formestane, Letrozole, Vorozole Antiestrogen Mepitiostane Gonadotropins: FSHR/LHCGR ovulation stim. Clomifene, Urofollitropin Antigonadotropin Danazol, Gestrinone GnRH: receptor Agonist Buserelin, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin, Nafarelin, Triptorelin Antagonist Abarelix, Cetrorelix, Ganirelix Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Androgen Categories: Sex steroids | Androgens Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Occitan Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 12 September 2008, at 06:30
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.