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14-September-2008 11:27:25 - Breast Semi-protected For other uses, see Breast disambiguation. For various cities in Europe pronounced in a similar way, see Brest. Breast The breast of a pregnant human female. Latin mamma cf. mammal from Latin mammalis of the breast1 Artery internal thoracic artery Vein internal thoracic vein Look up breasts in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate's body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. This article deals with the human breast; for other animals, see udder and mammary gland. Male breasts and female breasts in human beings develop from the same embryological tissues. In females at puberty sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development. In males this does not happen. As a result, breasts become more prominent in adult females than in males. Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Lymphatic drainage 1.2 Shape and support 1.3 Development 1.4 Changes 2 Function 2.1 Breastfeeding 2.2 Sexual role 2.3 Other suggested functions 3 History 4 Cultural status 4.1 In religion 4.2 In practice 4.3 Clothing 4.4 Plastic surgery 5 Health 5.1 Pre-malignant and malignant diseases 5.2 Infections and inflammations 5.3 Benign conditions 6 Body modification and Paraphilia 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Gallery 11 External links Anatomy See also: Human anatomy Breast schematic diagram adult female human cross section - Legend: 1. Chest wall 2. Pectoralis muscles 3. Lobules 4. Nipple 5. Areola 6. Duct 7. Fatty tissue 8. Skin Breast schematic diagram adult female human cross section - Legend: 1. Chest wall 2. Pectoralis muscles 3. Lobules 4. Nipple 5. Areola 6. Duct 7. Fatty tissue 8. Skin The breasts are modified sudoriferous sweat glands, producing milk in women, and in some rare cases, men.2 Each breast has one nipple surrounded by the areola. The areola is colored from pink to dark brown and has several sebaceous glands. In women, the larger mammary glands within the breast produce the milk. They are distributed throughout the breast, with two-thirds of the tissue found within 30 mm of the base of the nipple.3 These are drained to the nipple by between 4 and 18 lactiferous ducts, where each duct has its own opening. The network formed by these ducts is complex, like the tangled roots of a tree. It is not always arranged radially, and branches close to the nipple. The ducts near the nipple do not act as milk reservoirs; Ramsay et al. have shown that conventionally described lactiferous sinuses do not, in fact, exist. The remainder of the breast is composed of connective tissue collagen and elastin, adipose tissue fat, and Cooper's ligaments. The ratio of glands to adipose tissues rises from 1:1 in nonlactating women to 2:1 in lactating women.3 The breasts sit over the pectoralis major muscle and usually extend from the level of the 2nd rib to the level of the 6th rib anteriorly. The superior lateral quadrant of the breast extends diagonally upwards towards the axillae and is known as the tail of Spence. A thin layer of mammary tissue extends from the clavicle above to the seventh or eighth ribs below and from the midline to the edge of the latissimus dorsi posteriorly. For further explanation, see anatomical terms of location. The arterial blood supply to the breasts is derived from the internal thoracic artery formerly called the internal mammary artery, lateral thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, and posterior intercostal arteries. The venous drainage of the breast is mainly to the axillary vein, but there is some drainage to the internal thoracic vein and the intercostal veins. Both sexes have a large concentration of blood vessels and nerves in their nipples. The nipples of both women and men can become erect in response to sexual stimuli,4 and also to cold. The breast is innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the fourth through sixth intercostal nerves. The nipple is supplied by the T4 dermatome. Lymphatic drainage About 75% of lymph from the breast travels to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. The rest travels to parasternal nodes, to the other breast, or abdominal lymph nodes. The axillary nodes include the pectoral, subscapular, and humeral groups of lymph nodes. These drain to the central axillary lymph nodes, then to the apical axillary lymph nodes. The lymphatic drainage of the breasts is particularly relevant to oncology, since breast cancer is a common cancer and cancer cells can break away from a tumour and spread to other parts of the body through the lymph system by metastasis. Shape and support Breasts vary in both size and shape, and their external appearance is not predictive of their internal anatomy or lactation potential. The shape of a woman's breasts is in large part dependent on their support, which primarily comes from the Cooper's ligaments, and the underlying chest on which they rest. The breast is attached at its base to the chest wall by the deep fascia over the pectoral muscles. On its upper surface it is given some support by the covering skin where it continues on to the upper chest wall. It is this support which determines the shape of the breasts. In a small fraction of women, the frontal milk sinuses ampulla in the breasts are not flush with the surrounding breast tissue, which causes the sinus area to visibly bulge outward. Relatively round breasts which protrude almost horizontally. Relatively round breasts which protrude almost horizontally. In discussing the support of breasts, it is helpful to draw a distinction between breasts which rest on the chest below, and those which do not. High, rounded breasts protrude almost horizontally from the chest wall. All breasts are like this in early stages of development, and such a shape is common in younger women and girls. This protruding or high breast is anchored to the chest at its base, and the weight is distributed evenly over the area of the base of the approximately dome- or cone-shaped breasts.citation needed In the low breast, a proportion of the breasts' weight is actually supported by the chest against which the lower breast surface comes to rest, as well as the deep anchorage at the base. The weight is thus distributed over a larger area, which has the effect of reducing the strain. In both males and females, the thoracic cavity slopes progressively outwards from the thoracic inlet at the top of the breastbone above to the lowest ribs which mark its lower boundary, allowing it to support the breasts. The inframammary fold or line, or crease is an anatomic structure created by adherence between elements in the skin and underlying connective tissue5 and represents the inferior extent of breast anatomy. Some teenagers may develop breasts whose skin comes into contact with the chest below the fold at an early age, and some women may never develop such breasts; both situations are perfectly normal. The relationship of the nipple position to the fold is described as ptosis, a term also applied to other body parts and which refers in general to drooping or sagging. Due to breast weight and relaxation of support structures, the nipple-areola complex and breast tissue may eventually hang below the fold, and in some cases the breasts may extend as far as, or even beyond, the navel. The length from the nipple to the sternal notch central, upper border in the youthful breast averages 21 cm and is a common anthropometric figure used to assess both breast symmetry and ptosis. Lengthening of both this measurement and the distance between the nipple and the fold are both characteristic of advancing grades of ptosis. The end of the breast, which includes the nipple, may either be flat a 180 degree angle or angled angles lower than 180 degrees. Breast ends are rarely angled sharper than 60 degrees. Angling of the end of the breast is caused in part by the ligaments that suspend it, such that the breast ends often have a more obtuse angle when a woman is lying on her back. Breasts exist in a range of ratios between length and base diameter, usually ranging from ½ to 1. Development Main article: Thelarche The development of a girl's breasts during puberty is triggered by sex hormones, chiefly estrogen. This hormone has been demonstrated to cause the development of woman-like, enlarged breasts in men, a condition called gynecomastia, and is sometimes used deliberately for this effect in transwomen who receive hormone replacement therapy. Male with severe gynecomastia Male with severe gynecomastia In most cases, the breasts fold down over the chest wall during Tanner stage development, as shown in this diagram.6 It is typical for a woman's breasts to be unequal in size particularly while the breasts are developing. Statistically it is slightly more common for the left breast to be the larger.7 In rare cases, the breasts may be significantly different in size, or one breast may fail to develop entirely. A large number of medical conditions are known to cause abnormal development of the breasts during puberty. Virginal breast hypertrophy is a condition which involves excessive growth of the breasts, and in some cases the continued growth beyond the usual pubescent age. Breast hypoplasia is a condition where one or both breasts fail to develop. In Cameroon, some girls are subjected to breast ironing to stunt breast growth in order to make them less sexually attractive in the belief that this makes them less likely to become a victim of rape. Changes Breast with visible stretchmarks. Breast with visible stretchmarks. As breasts are mostly composed of adipose tissue, their size can change over time. This occurs for a number of reasons, most obviously when a girl grows during puberty and when a woman becomes pregnant. The breast size may also change if she gains or loses weight for any other reason. Any rapid increase in size of the breasts can result in the appearance of stretchmarks. It is typical for a number of other changes to occur during pregnancy: in addition to becoming larger, the breasts generally become firmer, mainly due to hypertrophy of the mammary gland in response to the hormone prolactin. The size of the nipples may increase noticeably and their pigmentation may become darker. These changes may continue during breastfeeding. The breasts generally revert to approximately their previous size after pregnancy, although there may be some increased sagging and stretchmarks. The size of a woman's breasts may fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, particularly with premenstrual water retention. An increase in breast size is a common side effect of use of the combined oral contraceptive pill. Breasts sag if the ligaments become elongated, a natural process that can occur over time. Breasts can decrease in size at menopause, if estrogen levels decline. Function Breastfeeding An infant breastfeeding An infant breastfeeding Main article: Breastfeeding The primary function of mammary glands is to nurture young by producing breast milk. The production of milk is called lactation. While the mammary glands that produce milk are present in the male, they normally remain undeveloped. The orb-like shape of breasts may help limit heat loss, as a fairly high temperature is required for the production of milk. Alternatively, one theory states that the shape of the human breast evolved in order to prevent infants from suffocating while feeding.8 Since human infants have a small jaw not protruding, like other primates, the infant's nose might be blocked if the mother's chest was too flat.8 According to this theory, as the human jaw receded, the breasts became larger to compensate.8 Milk production unrelated to pregnancy can also occur. This galactorrhea may be an adverse effect of some medicinal drugs such as some antipsychotic medication, extreme physical stress or endocrine disorders. If it occurs in men it is called male lactation, and is often classified as a pathological symptom due to its strong correlation to pituitary disorders. Newborn babies are often capable of lactation because they receive the hormones prolactin and oxytocin via the mother's bloodstream, filtered through the placenta. This neonatal liquid is known colloquially as witch's milk. Sexual role Breasts play an important part in human sexual behavior. They are one of most visible or obvious female secondary sex characteristics.9 Compared to other primates, human breasts are proportionately large throughout adult females' lives and may have evolved as a visual signal of sexual maturity and fertility.10 On sexual arousal breast size increases, venous patterns across the breasts become more visible, and nipples harden. Breasts are sensitive to touch as they have many nerve endings, and it is common to press or massage breasts with hands during sexual intercourse.11 Oral stimulation of nipples and breasts is also common. Some women can achieve breast orgasms. In the ancient Indian work the Kama Sutra, marking breasts with nails and biting with teeth are explained as erotic.12 See also: Mammary intercourse. Other suggested functions Zoologists point out that no female mammal other than the human has breasts of comparable size, relative to the rest of the body, when not lactating and that humans are the only primate that has permanently swollen breasts. This suggests that the external form of the breasts is connected to factors other than lactation alone.citation needed Some zoologists notably Desmond Morris believe that the shape of female breasts evolved as a frontal counterpart to that of the buttocks, the reason being that whilst other primates mate in the rear-entry position, humans, because of their upright posture, are more likely to successfully copulate by mating face to face, the so-called missionary position. Morris suggested in 1967 that a secondary sexual characteristic on a woman's chest would have encouraged this in more primitive incarnations of the human race, and a face on encounter may have helped found a relationship between partners beyond merely a sexual one.13 However, this theory has since been generally disregarded due to the discovery that other primates, such as orangutans, routinely mate in the face-to-face position even though the females do not have prominent breasts. History A Snake Goddess statuette of ancient Minoan Civilization, c. 1600 BC. A Snake Goddess statuette of ancient Minoan Civilization, c. 1600 BC. In European pre-historic societies, sculptures of female figures with pronounced or highly exaggerated breasts were common. A typical example is the so-called Venus of Willendorf, one of many Paleolithic Venus figurines with ample hips and bosom. Artifacts such as bowls, rock carvings and sacred statues with breasts have been recorded from 15,000 BC up to late antiquity all across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Many female deities representing love and fertility were associated with breasts and breast milk. Figures of the Phoenician goddess Astarte were represented as pillars studded with breasts. Isis, an Egyptian goddess who represented, among many other things, ideal motherhood, was often portrayed as suckling pharaohs, thereby confirming their divine status as rulers. Even certain male deities representing regeneration and fertility were occasionally depicted with breast-like appendices, such as the river god Hapy who was considered to be responsible for the annual overflowing of the Nile. Female breasts were also prominent in the Minoan civilization in the form of the famous Snake Goddess statuettes. In Ancient Greece there were several cults worshipping the Kourotrophos, the suckling mother, represented by goddesses such as Gaia, Hera and Artemis. The worship of deities symbolized by the female breast in Greece became less common during the first millennium. The popular adoration of female goddesses decreased significantly during the rise of the Greek city states, a legacy which was passed on to the later Roman empire.14 During the middle of the first millennium BC, Greek culture experienced a gradual change in the perception of female breasts. Women in art were covered in clothing from the neck down, including female goddesses like Athena, the patron of Athens who represented heroic endeavor. There were exceptions: Aphrodite, the goddess of love, was more frequently portrayed fully nude, though in postures that were intended to portray shyness or modesty, a portrayal that has been compared to modern pin ups by historian Marilyn Yalom.15 Although nude men were depicted standing upright, most depictions of female nudity in Greek art occurred usually with drapery near at hand and with a forward-bending, self-protecting posture.16 A popular legend at the time was of the Amazons, a tribe of fierce female warriors who socialized only with men for procreation and even removed one breast to become better warriors. The legend was a popular motif in art during Greek and Roman antiquity and served as an antithetical cautionary tale. Cultural status In religion Some religions afford the breast a special status, either in formal teachings or in symbolism. Islam forbids public exposure of the female breasts.17 In Christian iconography, some works of art depict women with their breasts in their hands or on a platter, signifying that they died as a martyr by having their breasts severed; one example of this is Saint Agatha of Sicily. In Silappatikaram, Kannagi tears off her left breast and flings it on Madurai, cursing it, causing a devastating fire. In practice A Himba woman wearing traditional clothing in northern Namibia. Many societies have no cultural proscriptions on women going bare-breasted. A Himba woman wearing traditional clothing in northern Namibia. Many societies have no cultural proscriptions on women going bare-breasted. Breasts are secondary sex characteristics and sexually sensitive. Bare female breasts can elicit heightened sexual desires from men. Cultures that associate the breast primarily with sex as opposed to with breastfeeding tend to designate bare breasts as indecent, and they are not commonly displayed in public, in contrast to male chests. Other cultures view female toplessness as acceptable, and in some countries women have never been forbidden to bare their chests; in some African cultures, for example, the thigh is highly sexualised and never exposed in public, but the breast is not taboo. Opinion on the exposure of breasts often depends on the place and context, and in some Western societies exposure of breasts on a beach may be acceptable, although in town centres, for example, it is usually considered indecent. In some areas the prohibition against the display of a woman's breasts only restricts exposure of the nipples. Women in some areas and cultures are approaching the issue of breast exposure as one of sexual equality, since men and pre-pubescent children may bare their chests, but women and teenage girls are forbidden. In the United States, the topfree equality movement seeks to redress this imbalance. This movement won a decision in 1992 in the New York State Court of Appeals-People v. Santorelli, where the court ruled that the state's indecent exposure laws do not ban women from being barebreasted. A similar movement succeeded in most parts of Canada in the 1990s. In Australia and much of Europe it is acceptable for women and teenage girls to sunbathe topless on some public beaches and swimming pools, but these are generally the only public areas where exposing breasts is acceptable. When breastfeeding a baby in public, legal and social rules regarding indecent exposure and dress codes, as well as inhibitions of the woman, tend to be relaxed. Numerous laws around the world have made public breastfeeding legal and disallow companies from prohibiting it in the workplace. Yet the public reaction at the sight of breastfeeding can make the situation uncomfortable for those involved. See also modesty, nudism and exhibitionism. Clothing Since the breasts are flexible, their shape may be affected by clothing, and foundation garments in particular. A brassiere bra may be worn to give additional support and to alter the shape of the breasts. There is some debate over whether such support is desirable. A long term clinical study showed that women with large breasts can suffer shoulder pain as a result of bra straps,18 although a well fitting bra should support most of the breasts' weight with proper sized cups and back band rather than on the shoulders. Plastic surgery Main article: Breast implant Breast implant patient, pre-operative left and post-operative right Breast implant patient, pre-operative left and post-operative right Plastic surgical procedures of the breast include those for both cosmetic and reconstructive surgery indications. Some women choose these procedures as a result of the high value placed on symmetry of the human form, and because they identify their femininity and sense of self with their breasts. After mastectomy the surgical removal of a breast, usually to treat breast cancer some women undergo breast reconstruction, either with breast implants or autologous tissue transfer, using fat and tissues from the abdomen TRAM flap or back latissiumus muscle flap. Grade IV capsular contracture in breast implant patient Grade IV capsular contracture in breast implant patient Breast reduction surgery is a common procedure which involves removing excess breast tissue, fat, and skin with repositioning of the nipple-areolar complex NAC. Cosmetic procedures include breast lifts mastopexy, breast augmentation with implants, and procedures that combine both elements. Implants containing either silicone gel or saline are available for augmentation and reconstructive surgeries. Surgery can repair inverted nipples by releasing ductal tissues which are tethering. Breast lift with or without reduction can be part of upper body lift after massive weight loss body contouring. Any surgery of the breast carries with it the potential for interfering with future breastfeeding,192021 causing alterations in nipple sensation, and difficulty in interpreting mammography xrays of the breast. A number of studies have demonstrated a similar ability to breastfeed when breast reduction patients are compared to control groups where the surgery was performed using a modern pedicle surgical technique.22232425 Plastic surgery organizations have generally discouraged elective cosmetic breast augmentation surgery for teenage girls as the volume of their breast tissue may continue to grow significantly as they mature and because of concerns about understanding long-term risks and benefits of the procedure. Breast surgery in teens for reduction of significantly enlarged breasts or surgery to correct hypoplasia and severe asymmetry is considered on a case by case basis by most surgeons. Health Main article: Breast health Please consider using Expert-subject to associate this request with a This article or section may require cleanup because it is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. ing help is available. July 2008 To promote good Breast Health it is important to take certain steps. Regular Breast self-examination is an important habit to maintain. This is done to find lumps or identify areas where a problem may exist. If any lumps, unusual swelling of the breast or other problems exist, it is recommended that professional medical assistance be obtained. Having regular Mammograms is also important to detect any problems. Only your doctor can determine if there is a problem truly exists. Early detection of problems is important. Pre-malignant and malignant diseases Illustration of the early warning signs of breast cancer Illustration of the early warning signs of breast cancer Carcinoma in situ, a pre-malignant condition which can progress to a malignant cancer Malignant diseases include: Breast cancer Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast Among women worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death.26 Breast self-examination BSE is an easy but unreliable method for finding possible breast cancer,27 which is recommended once every month. Infections and inflammations These may be caused among others by trauma, secretory stasis/milk engorgement, hormonal stimulation, infections or autoimmune reactions. Repeated occurrence unrelated to lactation requires endocrinological examination. Mastitis bacterial mastitis mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis mastitis of mumps chronic intramammary abscess chronic subareolar abscess tuberculosis of the breast syphilis of the breast retromammary abscess actinomycosis of the breast Mondor's disease duct ectasia syndrome breast engorgement Benign conditions Breast with an inverted nipple. Breast with an inverted nipple. Benign conditions include: Congenital disorders inverted nipple supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts polymazia / polymastia /duplicated nipples Aberrations of normal development and involution cyclical nodularity breast cysts fibroadenoma - benign tumor gynecomastia males nipple discharge, galactorrhea mammary fistula Fibrocystic disease / Fibrocystic changes cysts epithelial hyperplasia epithelial metaplasia papillomas adenosis Pregnancy-related galactocoele Body modification and Paraphilia Breasts with pierced nipples. Breasts with pierced nipples. Main article: Body modification Main article: Breast fetishism Main article: Breast expansion fetishism A small percentage of the population has interests in voluntary body modifications and fetish focused on the breasts. Fetish breast binding. Fetish breast binding. Body modification with a focus on the breasts has included breast painting, tattooing, nipple slitting, nipple removal, nipple piercing, breast ironing, scarification and silicone injection and binding. Breast Fetishism is used to describe the reliance on breasts as a stimulus for sexual arousal. Breast expansion fetishism sexualizes the processes of enlarging breasts, whether by age, pregnancy, weight gain or surgery. Breast implants are one method that has been used to pursue this interest. See also Brassiere Breast bondage Breast fetishism Cleavage breasts Intimate part Mammary intercourse Milk line Teat Wonderbra Notes ^ mammal - Definitions from Dictionary.com ^ Introduction to the Human Body, fifth ed. John Wiley Sons, Inc.: New York, 2001. 560. ^ a b Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging, D.T. Ramsay et al., J. Anat. 206:525-34. ^ www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/Handouts/female_function_dysfunction.html. ^ Boutros S, Kattash M, Wienfeld A, Yuksel E, Baer S, Shenaq S. The intradermal anatomy of the inframammary fold. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998 Sep; 1024:1030-3. PMID ^ A.R. Greenbaum, T. Heslop, J. Morris and K.W. Dunn, An investigation of the suitability of bra fit in women referred for reduction mammaplasty, Br J Plast Surg 56 2003 3, pp. 230-236 ^ C.W. Loughry, et al 1989. Breast volume measurement of 598 women using biostereometric analysis. Annals of Plastic Surgery 22 5: 380 - 385. doi:10.1097/00000637-198905000-00002. ^ a b c Bentley, Gillian R. 2001. The Evolution of the Human Breast. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32 38. ^ secondary sex characteristics ^ Anders Pape Møller, et al 1995. Breast asymmetry, sexual selection, and human reproductive success. Ethology and Sociobiology 16 3: 207-219. doi:10.1016/0162-30959500002-3. See abstract here. ^ The entire breast is a network of nerve endings link ^ Sir Richard Burton's English translation of Kama Sutra ^ Morris 1967, pp. 64-68. ^ Yalom 1998 pp. 9-16; see Eva Keuls 1993, Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens for a detailed study of male-dominant rule in ancient Greece. ^ Yalom 1998, p. 18. ^ Hollander 1993, p. 6. ^ They shall cover their chests or they should draw their khimar veils over their bosoms, depending on the translation, Quran 24:31. Available online ^ Ryan, EL, Pectoral girdle myalgia in women: a five-year study in a clinical setting. Clin J Pain. 2000 Dec; 164:298-303. ^ Neifert, M; DeMarzo S, Seacat J, Young D, Leff M, Orleans M 1990. The influence of breast surgery, breast appearance and pregnancy-induced changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant weight gain. Birth 17 1: 31-38. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536X.1990.tb00007.x. PMID 2288566. ^ FAQ on Previous Breast Surgery and Breastfeeding. La Leche League International 2006-08-29. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. ^ West, Diana. Breastfeeding After Breast Surgery. Australian Breastfeeding Association. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. ^ Cruz-Korchin, N; Korchin L 2004-09-15. Breast-feeding after vertical mammaplasty with medial pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 15 114: 890-94. PMID 15468394. ^ Brzozowski, D; Niessen M, Evans HB, Hurst LN February 2000. Breast-feeding after inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 105 2: 530-34. PMID 10697157. ^ Witte, PM; van der Lei B, van der Biezen JJ, Spronk CA 2004-06-26. Successful breastfeeding after reduction mammaplasty. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 148 26: 1291-93. PMID 15279213. ^ Kakagia, D; Tripsiannis G, Tsoutsos D 2005-10. Breastfeeding after reduction mammaplasty: a comparison of 3 techniques. Ann Plast Surg 55 4: 343-45. doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000179167.18733.97. PMID 16186694. ^ World Health Organization February 2006. Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. ^ Breast Self Examination at The Breast Site References Hollander, Anne Seeing through Clothes. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1993 ISBN 0-52008-231-1 Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape: a zoologist's study of the human animal Bantam Books, Canada. 1967 Yalom, Marilyn A History of the Breast. Pandora, London. 1998 ISBN 0-86358-400-4 Gallery Front view of woman's breasts Side view of a woman's breasts Normal variation in shape Illustration of saggital section of a human breast Diagram showing inframammary fold Woman in brassiere showing cleavage Himba women from Africa, who traditionally go topless Woman wearing pasties Body painting over nipple Shield International breastfeeding symbol Diagram of dissected lactating breast Wax cast of a lactating human breast Breast pump Breasts of a woman in late pregnancy 15th century torture instrument designed to rip off breasts Diagrams of cross sections of breast implants, subglandular left and submuscular right Silicone breast implants Ruptured silicone implant with removed capsule Saline breast implants Maxi Mounds, an adult entertainer with polypropylene breast implants. These implants have been banned in the European Union and the United States. The common inferior pedicle breast reduction procedure with final result red indicates incision lines Breast self exam Woman undergoing mammogram Mammography pictures, normal left and cancerous right Mastectomy patient Breast prostheses used by some mastectomy patients Drawing of inflammatory breast cancer normal Drawing of the breast External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Breasts Images of female breasts Breast Cancer Treatment and Facts Are Women Evolutionary Sex Objects?: Why Women Have Breasts v d e Disorders of breast N60-N64, 610-611 Mastitis Chronic cystic mastitis Other, female Benign mammary dysplasia Duct ectasia of breast · Galactorrhea · Mastodynia · Nipple discharge · Galactocele · Ptosis · Breast cyst Male Gynecomastia See also congenital, neoplasia v d e Human anatomical features Head Skull · Forehead · Eye · Ear · Nose · Mouth · Tongue · Teeth · Jaw · Face · Cheek · Chin Neck Throat · Adam's apple Torso Shoulders · Spine · Breast Tail of Spence · Chest · Ribcage · Abdomen · Navel Sex organs Clitoris · Vagina · Penis · Scrotum · Testicle - Hip · Anus · Buttocks Limbs Arm · Elbow · Forearm · Wrist · Hand · Finger Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little · Leg · Lap · Thigh · Knee · Calf · Heel · Ankle · Foot · Toe Hallux Skin Hair v d e Female reproductive system Adnexa Follicles/Folliculogenesis corpus hemorrhagicum, luteum, albicans Theca folliculi externa, interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Granulosa cells Ovaries/Oogenesis Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus, Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ligaments Broad components: Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium contents: Round of uterus, Proper of ovary Suspensory of ovary Cardinal Uterus corpus/body Cavity of the body, Fundus cervix/neck External orifice - Canal of the cervix, Internal orifice layers Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium Uterine horns Vulva/mons pubis Vagina vestibular glands/ducts Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts, Skene's glands/Skene's ducts Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen Orifice Labium commissures Anterior Posterior Frenulum labiorum pudendi Labia majora Cleft of venus Labia minora Vulval vestibule interlabial sulci Clitoris Vestibular bulbs Clitoral crura Corpus cavernosa Clitoral glans Frenulum, Hood Breast Mammary glands Nipple Areola Lactiferous duct Cooper's ligaments Vestiges Wolffian Gartner's duct, Epoophoron, Paroöphoron Canal of Nuck Other G-spot Urethral sponge v d e Sex History History of human sexuality · History of erotic depictions · Sexual revolution Sexual acts Sexual intercourse foreplay · positions · Oral sex · Anal sex · Anal-oral sex · Group sex · Sexual sublimation · Barebacking · Dirty talk · Facial · Fisting · Masturbation · Non-penetrative sex Fingering/Handjob · Sumata · Quickie Physiological events Sexual arousal · Erection · Orgasm · Ejaculation · Insemination · Pregnancy Health and education Birth control · Reproductive medicine Andrology · Gynaecology · Urology · Safer sex · Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction · Hypersexuality · Sex education · Sex therapy · Sexually transmitted disease Identity Sexual identity · Sexual orientation Law Age of consent · Obscenity · Incest · Public indecency · Sexual violence Rape · Sexual assault · Sexual abuse · Sexual harassment Relationships and society BDSM · Family planning · Marriage · Paraphilia · Religion and sexuality · Romance · Sexual abstinence · Sexual attraction · Sexual ethics · Sexual objectification · Abortion Sex industry Adult video game · Erotica · Lubricant · Paddle · Pornography · Prostitution · Sex toys Artificial vagina · Dildo · Sex doll · Vibrator · Sex shop · Sex tourism Human sexual behavior · Human sexuality · Sexology · Sexual slang · Animal sexual behavior Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Breast Categories: Human anatomy | Breast | Exocrine system | Female reproductive system | Mammal anatomy | Glands | Secondary sexual characteristics | Integumentary systemHidden categories: Semi-protected | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2007 | Articles with statements since June 2008 | Pages needing expert attention | Uncategorized pages needing expert attention | Cleanup from July 2008 | Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose Views Article Discussion View source History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Avañe'ẽ Aymar БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lietuvių Lingála മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Ð?охчийн ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 September 2008, at 17:44
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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.