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16-September-2008 20:42:47 - Cod liver oil Cod liver oil in gelatin capsules Cod liver oil in gelatin capsules This article is about the fish extract, for the traditional Newfoundland song, see Cod Liver Oil song. Cod liver oil is a nutritional supplement derived from liver of cod fish. It has high levels of the omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, and very high levels of vitamin A, and vitamin D. It is widely taken to ease the symptoms of arthritis as well as other health benefits. It was once commonly given to children. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Manufacture 3 Therapeutic uses 4 Adverse effects 5 Other uses 6 See also 7 References Characteristics Depending on the quality of the oil, the flavor and aroma range from a mild sardine-like flavor, to an intense and obnoxious odor of rotten fish and rancid oil. High quality cod liver oil is a pale-yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and a bland, slightly fishy taste. Manufacturers sometimes add flavorings, such as citrus or mint essence, to cod liver oil to make it more palatable. Manufacture Cod liver oil is made by cooking cod livers with steam, and then pressing/decanting the cooked livers to extract the oil. This is in contrast to fish oils, which are extracted from the cooked whole body tissues of fatty fish during the manufacture of fish meal. Therapeutic uses Cod liver oil is widely taken to ease the pain and joint stiffness associated with arthritis,1 but has also been clinically proven to have a positive effect on heart,23 bone,4 and brain,5 as well as helping to nourish skin,6 hair, and nails. Cod liver oil and fish oil are similar, but cod liver oil has much higher levels of vitamins A and D. Many adults don't meet the RDA for Vitamin D.78910 Cod liver oil is effective in treatment of household burns, due to its high vitamin content, often leaving no burn-related blister.citation needed Cod Liver oil has been listed by some 11 as an effective complementary measure for long-term treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, a sometimes disabling autoimmune disease of the human central nervous system. In 2005, a study by researchers at the University of California found that Vitamin D may lower the risk of developing different types of cancers, halving the chances of getting breast, ovarian, and colon cancers.12 Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring.13 This effect was found only in mothers taking cod liver oil, not in mothers taking multivitamin supplements. It should be noted that cod liver oil contains unsafe amounts of vitamin A for pregnant women. Cod liver oil taken by nursing mothers improves the breast milk by increasing the amount of fatty acids, which promotes brain development, and the amount of vitamin A, which helps prevent infections, but the level of vitamin D is unchanged. Adverse effects Because cod liver oil has a very high level of Vitamin A, it is possible to exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA of vitamin A. Vitamin A accumulates in body fat, and can reach harmful levels sufficient to cause hypervitaminosis A.14Pregnant women should not take cod liver oil due to the high amount of Vitamin A, which, in high doses is shown to cause birth defects. The risks of hypervitaminosis and of exposure to environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other contaminants, are reduced when purification processes are applied to produce refined fish-oil products, which consequently contain raised levels of omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA.15 A high intake of cod liver oil by pregnant women is associated with a nearly five-fold increased risk of gestational hypertension,16 although this study did not control for mercury, which can be present in harmful amounts in fish15 and which is another cause of hypertension.17 Some urge caution when taking cod liver oil and other fish-based supplements since they may contain elevated levels of toxins such as mercury and PCBs found in fish.15 Some supplement companies regularly test cod liver oil for purity, while others do not. Ultimately the specific concerns of mercury in cod liver oil are generally not justified. Consumerlab.com tested 44 fish and cod liver oil supplements and found that all were free of detectable levels of mercury. 18 Other uses In Newfoundland, cod liver oil was sometimes used as the liquid base for traditional red ochre paint, the coating of choice for use on outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery. See also Vitamin A overdose Shark liver oil References ^ Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Harde A. Effect of cod liver oil on symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. 2002. Adv Ther 19:101-107. PMID 12069368 ^ Knapp, HR, et al 1987. The Effect of Cod liver oil on the Development of Atherosclerosis in an Animal Model.. Proceedings of the AOCS: pp. 35-40. ^ von Schacky, C. 2000. n-3 Fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 71 1 Suppl: 224S-7S. ^ Akpede, GO, et al 1999. Rickets and deprivation: a Nigerian study.. J R.Soc.Health 119: 216-22. ^ Cod liver oil, fish oil and Omega 3, Cod liver oil and depression. ^ Terkelsen, LH, et al 2000. Topical application of cod liver oil ointment accelerates wound healing: an experimental study in wounds in the ears of hairless mice.. J Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 34: 15-20. ^ Reginster JY. The high prevalence of inadequate serum vitamin D levels and implications for bone health. 2005. Curr Med Res Opin 21:579-586. DOI: 10.1185/030079905X41435 PMID 15899107 ^ Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1710S-1716S. PMID 15585792 full text free ^ Peterlik M, Cross HS. Vitamin D and calcium deficits predispose for multiple chronic diseases. 2005. Eur J Clin Invest 35:290-304. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01487.x PMID 15860041 ^ Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. 2004. Exp Biol Med Maywood 229:1136-1142. PMID 15564440 full text free ^ Swank, Roy L., and Barbara Brewer Duggan. The Multiple Sclerosis Diet Book: A Low-Fat Diet for The Treatment of MS. Doubleday, 1987. ^ Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. 2006. Am J Public Health 96:252-261. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260 PMID 16380576 ^ Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, et al. Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring. 2000. Diabetologia 43:1093-1098. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051499 PMID 11043854 full-text free ^ Paul Lips 2003-05-08. Hypervitaminosis A and fractures. N Engl J Med 348: 1927-1928. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. ^ a b c Bays H E 2007-03-19. Safety Considerations with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology 99 Supplement 1 6: S35-S43. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.020. ^ Olafsdottir AS, Skuladottir GV, Thorsdottir I, et al. Relationship between high consumption of marine fatty acids in early pregnancy and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 2006. BJOG 113:301-309. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00826.x PMID 16487202 ^ Horowitz Y, Greenberg D, Ling G, Lifshitz M. Acrodynia: a case report of two siblings. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 453. PMID 12023189 ^ ConsumerLab.com - Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA from Fish/Marine Oils review v d e Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal Supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium Vitamins Whole food supplements Vitamins and minerals Retinol Vitamin A B vitamins: Thiamine B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Vitamin D Tocopherol Vitamin E Naphthoquinone Vitamin K Calcium Choline Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine/Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Metabolife Hadacol Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil Categories: Dietary supplements | Animal fats | Fish productsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Ã?slenska Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Svenska Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 5 August 2008, at 21:43
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