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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - Audiology January 2008 Audiology from Latin: audire, to hear; and from Greek: and λόγος, logos, knowledge is the branch of Science that studies hearing, balance and related disorders. Its practitioners, who treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage are audiologists. Employing various testing strategies e.g. hearing tests, otoacoustic emission measurements, videonystagmography, and electrophysiologic tests, audiology aims to determine whether someone can hear within the normal range, and if not, which portions of hearing high, middle, or low frequencies are affected and to what degree. If an audiologist determines that a hearing loss or vestibular abnormality is present he or she will provide recommendations to a patient as to what options e.g. hearing aids, cochlear implants, surgery, appropriate medical referrals may be of assistance. In addition to testing hearing, audiologists can also work with a wide range of clientele in rehabilitation cochlear implants and/or hearing aids, paediatric populations and assessment of the vestibular system. Contents 1 History 2 Audiologist 2.1 United States 2.2 Australia 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 Canada 2.5 India 2.6 Malaysia 3 See also 4 External links 5 References History The use of the terms Audiology and Audiologist in publications has been traced back only as far as 1946. The original creator of the term remains unknown, but Berger1 identified possible originators as Mayer BA Schier, Willard B Hargrave, Stanley Nowak, Norton Canfield, or Raymond Carhart. The first US university course for audiologists was offered by Carhart at Northwestern University, in 1946.2 Audiology was born to address the hearing damage from World War II veterans. Audiologist Audiologists are licensed professionals who hold a bachelor's degree, master's degree, Doctor of Audiology Au.D., or Ph.D. in the hearing sciences. The specific degree and experience requirements necessary to practice are determined by each state audiology license board. As of January 2007 all professional training programs for audiologists in the United States culminate with the Au.D. Doctor of Audiology degree. Many state license laws now require the Au.D. degree for all newly licensed audiologists, and it is expected that eventually all license laws will require this in the United States of America. Audiologists who have earned the master's degree prior to the change in licensing standards are not required to earn a doctorate to continue practicing in the field. Audiologists have a clinical/educational background that emphasizes diagnostic evaluation of auditory hearing and vestibular balance systems, amplification technology especially hearing aids, hearing science, aural rehabilitation and assistive device fitting. Audiologists may specialize in pediatric diagnostics/amplification, cochlear implants, educational audiology, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, vestibular and balance issues, and/or industrial hearing conservation. Audiologists are trained extensively to evaluate and fit patients for hearing aids as treatment for various types of hearing loss. Audiologists are also involved in the prevention of hearing loss and other communication disorders. Hearing Conservation programs in industry and government strive to prevent noise induced hearing loss through education and Audiologist intervention. Audiologists are often in charge of Newborn Hearing Screening programs designed to identify hearing loss within the first 4 months of life. United States In the United States, in at least 48 states, they require licensing of Audiologists and they all require a graduate clinical degree in audiology. Starting in 2007, the Doctor of Audiology Au.D. became the entry level degree for clinical practice for some states, with most states expected to follow this requirement very soon, as there are no longer any professional programs in audiology which offer the master's degree. Minimum requirements for the Au.D. degree include a minimum of 75 semester hours of post-baccalaureate study, meeting prescribed competencies, passing a national exam offered by Praxis Series of the Educational Testing Service, and practicum experience that is equivalent to a minimum of 12 months of full-time, supervised experience. Most states have continuing education renewal requirements that must be met to stay licensed. Audiologists can also earn a certificate from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or seek board certification through the American Board of Audiology. Most states also require a Hearing Aid Dispenser License to enable the Audiologist to dispense hearing aids, though legislation is currently underway in many states which would not require this extra step. It would allow Audiologists to dispense under their Audiology license. Currently there are over 70 Au.D. programs in the United States: Distance Au.D. Programs: Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University University of Florida Residential Au.D. Programs: Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University Arizona State University Auburn University AL Ball State University IN Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Central Michigan University East Tennessee State University Gallaudet University DC Idaho State University Illinois State University James Madison UniversityVA Lamar University TX Long Island Au.D. Consortium NY Louisiana State University at New Orleans Louisiana Tech University Missouri State University Montclair State University Northeast Ohio Au.D. Consortium Northeastern University Northern Illinois University Northwestern University Nova Southeastern University FL Ohio State University Ohio University Pennsylvania College of Optometry, School of Audiology Purdue University Indiana University School of Medicine IN Rush University IL San Diego State University/University of California San DiegoCA Texas Tech University CUNY Graduate Center NY Towson University MD University at Buffalo NY University of Arizona University of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Consortium University of Cincinnati OH University of Colorado - Boulder CO University of Connecticut University of Florida University of Illinois University of Iowa University of Kansas University of Louisville KY University of Maryland, College Park University of Massachusetts - Amherst University of Memphis TN University of Minnesota University of Nebraska-Lincoln University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of North Texas University of Northern Colorado University of Oklahoma University of Pittsburgh PA University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus link University of South Alabama University of South Dakota University of South Florida University of Southern Mississippi University of Tennessee University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Dallas University of Utah University of Washington - WA University of Wisconsin-Madison Utah State University Vanderbilt University TN Washington University Central Institute for the Deaf MO Wayne State University MI West Virginia University WV Western Michigan University Wichita State University KS Australia In Australia Audiologists must hold a Masters in Audiology, alternatively Bachelor's degree from overseas certified by the vetasses. As per the law of the land currently to practise as an Audiologist one doesn't need to be a member of any professional body. But to dispense hearing aids to eligible pensioners and eligible war veterans one must have 2 years clinical experience and be registered with an approved body such as Audiology Australia or the Australian College of Audiology ACAud. In India, an Audiologist must hold a Bachelors/Masters Degree in Audiology and be registered with an approved body such as Indian Speech and Hearing Association ISHAor Rehabilitaion Council of India RCI. Hearing aid dispensers Hearing Instrument Specialists, Hearing Aid Dealers are not to be confused with Audiologists. Hearing aid dispensers must pass a state licensing written and practical examination in fitting hearing aids. A Board Certified dispenser must have two years experience and pass a National Competency Examination. However, no college education is required. Hearing aid dispensers work on a commission. Prior to 1988, hearing instrument dispensers fit patients referred to them by Audiologists and physicians who wrote a prescriptions for hearing aids. United Kingdom There are currently three routes to becoming a Registered Audiologist: · BSc in Audiology · MSc in Audiology · Fast track conversion Diploma for those with a BSc in other relevant science subject, available at Southampton, Manchester, UCL, London and Edinburgh There are 9 United Kingdom educational institutions offering degrees in Audiology: University of Aston 1 University of Bristol 2 De Montfort University 3 University of Leeds 4 University of Manchester 5 Queen Margaret University 6 University of Southampton 7 University of Wales Swansea 8 University College London 9 Post Graduate Diploma Entry qualification:- A 2.1 undergraduate degree in a relevant Science degree or previous experience as an audiologist through the old BAAT training route. Structure of the course:- One-year university based course followed by a one-year full-time salaried supervised clinical practice placement, working under the guidance of a qualified audiologist. A national training scheme and logbook is a requirement and requires competence-based assessments to be undertaken. The in-service training period is currently under review and may get extend to 3 years. MSc in Audiology Entry qualifications:- Entry requirements are a good relevant science degree usually 2:1, preferable some knowledge of physics or behavioural science and a proven interest or experience in Audiology. Excellent interpersonal and communication skills and an interest in direct patient care are also essential. Training posts are via the NHS Regional Scheme 10 or British Academy of Audiology 11 Some NHS Audiology Departments employ trainee clinical scientist directly. Structure of the Course One year full-time MSc in Audiology can be undertaken at Southampton University, University College London or Manchester University. This is then followed by 18-24 months supervised in-service clinical placement culminating in a written, practical and oral examination to obtain the BAA Certificate of Audiological Competency. Successful completion of the M.Sc practical training also includes a portfolio of clinical training, research and personal development leading to the Association of Clinical Scientists Certificate of Attainment required for Registration to the Health Professions Council. Postgraduate diploma students and MSc students follow the same academic course, the only difference being that the MSc students take an extra three months to complete an additional dissertation. The CAC scheme only available to MSc students resulting in clinical scientist status is likely to be replaced by the diploma/BSc in-service training year and an additional higher training certificate available to all students. Canada In Canada, a Masters of Science MSc is the minimum requirement to practice Audiology in the country. The profession is regulated in certain provinces: New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, where it is illegal to practice without being registered as a full member in the appropriate provincial regulatory body3. There are currently five universities in Canada which offer graduate programs in Audiology. Entry requirements typically include specific prerequisite course work in undergraduate studies or an additional preparatory year prior to entry into the program: University of British Columbia BC Université de Montréal QC - French instruction University of Western Ontario ON University of Ottawa ON - French instruction Dalhousie University NS India Audiology and Speech Pathology in India was started by a group of dedicated professionals like Dr. N Rathna, Dr. S Nikam, Mrs. Rekha Roy, Mr Ramesh Oza and Dr. Vijay Shah. Out of these pioneers, Dr. Nikam, Mrs. Rekha Roy, MR. Ramesh K. Oza and Dr. Rathna were all trained for their Master's degree in Audiology Speech Language Pathology from the USA and the UK, in those days when both professions were part of the same combined program under the umbrella term of Speech and Hearing.. The first Audiology Speech Language Therapy program was started in 1966 at T.N.Medical College and BYL Nair Ch.Hospital in Mumbai. In the same year, Government of India established the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing which has become the country's leading Institute in the field of communication disorders. There are currently 20 Universities in India which provide Speech Pathology and Audiology programs. These programs are accred by Rehabilitation council of India. To practice audiology, professionals need to have either Bachelors/Masters degree in Audiology and be registered with Indian Speech and Hearing Association ISHA or the Rehabilitation Council of India RCI. There are around 100 private clinics in India providing speech and hearing services. An internationally recognized degree, unique multilingual/multicultural background, excellent communication in English has increased the global demand of Indian Audiologists considering the shortage of these graduates especially in western countries. There is a rapidly growing community of qualified and skilled Indian Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists across the world mainly in North America, Singapore and Australia. The Indo-International Society of Communication and Hearing Sciences IISCHS provides a web-based platform for this rapidly growing Indian community. This Society was founded by Sharad Govil Arvind K.N in 2003. Malaysia There are only 3 Malaysian educational institutions offering degrees in Audiology: University Kebangsaan Malaysia University Science Malaysia International Islamic University Malaysia See also Hearing Aid Speech-Language Pathology Audiometrist External links American Academy of Audiology Academy of Doctors of Audiology Audiology Online News, information and online continuing education for Audiology. National Association of Future Doctors of AudiologyStudent Organization for future audiologists. Indo-International Society of Communication and Hearing Sciences-Global society of Indian Audiologists and Speech Pathologists Audiology Info Let Them Hear Foundation provides no-cost insurance advocacy and information for audiology, cochlear implants, and other hearing related medical services Canadian Academy of Audiology ACAud Australia Audiology Australia British Academy of Audiology Sound Seekers - The Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, delivering audiology services in the developing world. Canadian Association of Speech Language Pathologists and Audiologists 12 House Ear Institute Labmed Audiology Recruitment - UK's Number One Audiology Recruitment Specialists Specialist Library for ENT and Audiology High quality audiology research and patient information References ^ Berger KW. Genealogy of the words audiology sdfasdgafgadfgvfdgfgfdgfsdvfsdgcb fSoc. 1976 Sep-Oct;22:38-44. PMID 789309 ^ Raymond Carhart 1912-1975 Papers, 1938-1975. Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois. http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/raymond_carhart.pdf Accessed 2006-07-31. ^ Information for foreign-trained audiologists and speech-language pathologists. http://www.cicic.ca/en/professions.aspx?sortcode=2.19.21prof=3141 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association v d e Cleft lip and palate Related specialities Advance practice nursing Audiology Dentistry Dietetics Genetics Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthodontics Orthodontic technology Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pediatric dentistry Physician Plastic surgery Psychiatry Psychology Respiratory therapy Social Work Speech and language therapy Related syndromes Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes Pierre Robin syndrome Popliteal pterygium syndrome Van der Woude syndrome Cleft lip and palate organisations Cleft Lip and Palate Association Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Ireland Interplast North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service Operation Smile Shriners Hospitals for Children The Smile Train Transforming Faces Worldwide Related organisations American Association of Orthodontists British Dental Association British Dental Health Foundation British Orthodontic Society Canadian Association of Orthodontists Dental Technologists Association National Health Service Orthodontic National Group Orthodontic Technicians Association General Dental Council v d e Health science Allied health professions Athletic training Audiology Chiropractic Dentistry Dental hygiene Dietetics Electrocardiographic technicians Emergency medical services Hemodialysis technicians Massage therapy Medical assistants Medical physics Medical technologist Medical transcription Music therapy Nuclear medicine technology Nutrition Occupational therapy Optometry Pharmacy Phlebotomy Orthotics/Prosthetics Physical therapy Podiatry Psychology Radiation therapy Radiography Radiologic technologist Respiratory therapy Speech and language pathology Social work Ultrasonography Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Audiology Categories: Health sciences | Otology | AudiologyHidden category: Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Français اردو Hrvatski Italiano ქáƒ?რთული Kiswahili Nederlands ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 12:21
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