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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - Dentistry This article requires authentication or verification by an expert. Please assist in recruiting an expert or improve this article yourself. This article has been tagged since December 2007. This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care, see oral hygiene or dental surgery. Dentistry is the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment nonsurgical, surgical or related procedures of diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body.1 Those in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people aiding in oral health service include dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists. A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. Contents 1 General practices 1.1 Surgery 1.2 Prevention 2 Education and licensing 3 Specialities 4 History 5 Geography 6 Organizations 7 See also 7.1 Lists 8 References 9 External links General practices Surgery Dentistry encompasses a number of practices related to the oral cavity. The most common treatments involve the dental surgery on the teeth as a treatment for dental caries. Decayed teeth are filled with dental amalgam, dental composite, or dental porcelain. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a more specialized form of dental surgery. Dentists can prescribe medication, x-rays, and devices for home or in-office use. Many oral diseases such as bilateral odontogenic keratocysts and abnormalities such as several unerupted teeth can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. Most general practitioners of dentistry perform restorative, prosthetic, routine endodontic therapy, routine periodontal therapy, and simple exodontia, as well as performing examinations. Many general practitioners are comfortable treating complex cases, as well as placing implants and surgically extracting third molars wisdom teeth. All dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and earn licensure. Prevention Dentists also encourage prevention of dental caries through proper oral hygiene tooth brushing and flossing, fluoride, and tooth polishing. Recognized but less conventional preventive agents include xylitol, which is bacteriostatic,2 casein derivatives,3 and proprietary products such as Cavistat BasicMints.4 Education and licensing The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first dental school in the world, opened in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840, and in 1867 Harvard Dental School became the first dental school affiliated with a university. Studied showed that dentists graduated from different countries5, or even from different dental schools in one country6, may have different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend more often for the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar wisdom teeth than dentists graduated from Latin-American or Eastern European dental schools.7 In England, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of dentist and dental surgeon to qualified and registered practitioners.89 The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practicing dentistry.10 The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practicing illegally.8 A dentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice dentistry after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery DDS, Doctor of Dental Medicine DMD, Bachelor of Dentistry BDent, Bachelor of Dental Science BDSc, or Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Chirurgiae BDS or BChD or equivalent. In most western countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least 4 years of postgraduate studycitation needed. Generally, 2 years of clinical experience working with patients in an educational setting are required.citation needed. Specialities In addition to general dentistry, there are 9 recognized dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia. To become a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as MD/MBBS specific to Maxillofacial Surgery, MS, or PhD. Dental public health study of dental epidemiology and social health policies, Endodontics root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery extractions, implants, and facial surgery, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth, Periodontics study and treatment of diseases of the periodontium non-surgical and surgical, and placement and maintenance of dental implants, Pediatric Dentistry i.e. dentistry for children, formerly known as pedodontics, Prosthodontics dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists further their training in oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics--a discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures--such as ears, eyes, nose, etc. Specialists in these fields are designated registrable U.S. Board Eligible and warrant exclusive titles such as orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local U.S. Board Certified, Australia/NZ: FRACDS, or Canada: FRCDC registry requirements. A tenth specialty, dental anesthesiology, the study of how to relieve pain through advanced use of local and general anesthesia techniques is not yet considered to be one of the recognized dental specialties. However, CODA is in the process of accring all dental anesthesiology programs.citation needed Two other post-graduate formal advanced education programs: General Practice Residency advanced clinical and didactic training with intense hospital experience and Advanced Education in General Dentistry advanced training in clinical dentistry recognized by the ADA do not lead to specialization. The American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine ABDSM provides board-certification examinations annually for qualified dentists. These dentists collaborate with sleep physicians at accred sleep centers and can provide oral appliance therapy and upper airway surgery to treat sleep-related breathing disorders.1 While Diplomate status granted by the ABDSM is not one of the recognized dental specialties, it is recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine AASM. Special category: Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology Other dental education exists where no post-graduate formal university training is required: cosmetic dentistry, dental implant, temporo-mandibular joint therapy. These usually require the attendance of one or more continuing education courses that typically last for one to several days. There are restrictions on allowing these dentists to call themselves specialists in these fields. The specialist titles are registrable titles and controlled by the local dental licensing bodies. Forensic odontology consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity. Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals. Veterinary dentistry, a speciality of veterinary medicine, is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals1112. Aviation dentistry, a subcategory of military aviation medicine deals with dental topics related to aircrews, e.g., dental barotrauma13 and barodontalgia1415. In addition, the aircrew population is a unique high-risk group to several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular self-oral care habits and irregular meals usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks and work-related stress.16 History Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17. Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17. Evidence of ancient dentistry has recently been found in a Neolithic graveyard in ancient India which lies in modern-day Pakistan. Teeth dating from around 7000 to 5500 BC show evidence of holes from dental drills. The teeth were found in people of the Indus Valley Civilization.171819 A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a tooth worm as the cause of dental caries.20 Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.21 The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the treatment of several dental ailments.2223 In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.24 Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery.25 Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75. Medieval dentist extracting a tooth. London; c. 1360-75. Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth, which not only resulted in the alleviation of pain, but often cured a variety of ailments linked to chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican26 resembling a pelican's beak which was used up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key26 which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century.citation needed The first book focused solely on dentistry was the Artzney Buchlein in 1530, and the first dental textbook written in English was called Operator for the Teeth by Charles Allen in 1685.9 It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named the father of modern dentistry. Among many of his developments were the extensive use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a treatment for dental caries and the statement that sugar derivate acids such as tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay. Geography Main article: Dentistry throughout the world Organizations Main article: List of dental organizations See also Dentistry portal Wikiversity At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Dentistry at: The School of Dentistry Sagittal section of a tooth Sagittal section of a tooth Barodontalgia Biodontics Bruxism Calculus Ceramics Crown Dental amalgam Dental brace Dental cavities Dental extraction Dental fear Floss Dental implants Dental notation Dental phobia Dental restoration Dental spa Dentin Fluoridation Fluoride therapy Gingivitis Halitosis Laboratory technology Mouthwash Nitrous oxide Novocain, a Local anesthetic Occlusion Oral hygiene Orthodontics Patron Saint of dentistry Saint Apollonia Periodontitis Periodontology or Periodontics Plaque Regenerative dentistry Sleep Medicine Teledentistry Temporomandibular joint disease Tooth Toothache Toothbrush Toothpaste Xerostomia Lists List of oral health and dental topics List of basic dentistry topics List of dental schools in the United States References ^ Dentistry Definitions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed December 11, 2007. This definition was adopted the association's House of Delegates in 1997. ^ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2006 Policy on the Use of Xylitol in Caries Prevention. ^ Azarpazhooh, A.; Limeback, H. 2008, The Journal of the American Dental Association Am Dental Assoc 1397: 915, http://www.adajournal.com/cgi/content/abstract/139/7/915 ^ Experimental chewy mint beats tooth decay ^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran January 2008. Clinical decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription. J Dent Educ 72 1: 81-6. PMID 18172239. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran April 2006. Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry--is there a difference?. J Isr Dent Assoc 23 2: 19-23. PMID 16886872. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran April 2007. Decision making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 4: 658-62. PMID 17368360. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ a b Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry. British Dental Journal 2005; 199, 470-473. Page accessed December 11, 2007. The 1879 register is referred to as the Dental Register. ^ a b The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline, hosted on the British Dental Association website. Page accessed December 11, 2007. ^ History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh, hosted on the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh website. Page accessed December 11, 2007. ^ AVDC® Home ^ EVDC web site ^ Zadik Y June 2006. Dental Fractures on Acute Exposure to High Altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 77 6: 654-7. PMID 16780246. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Zadik Y August 2006. Barodontalgia due to odontogenic inflammation in the jawbone. Aviat Space Environ Med 77 8: 864-6. PMID 16909883. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Zadik Y, Chapnik L, Goldstein L June 2007. In-flight barodontalgia: analysis of 29 cases in military aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med 78 6: 593-6. PMID 17571660. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Lurie, Orit; Zadik, Yehuda; Tarrasch, Ricardo; Raviv, Gil; Goldstein, Liav February 2007. Bruxism in Military Pilots and Non-Pilots: Tooth Wear and Psychological Stress. Aviat Space Environ Med 78 2: 137-9. PMID 17310886. Retrieved on 2008-07-16. ^ Stone age man used dentist drill, hosted on the BBC News website. Last updated April 6, 2006. Page accessed December 11, 2007. ^ Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry: Tooth drilling goes back 9000 years in Pakistan, scientists say, hosted on the MSNBC website. Page accessed on January 10, 2007. ^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population. Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006. ^ History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed January 9, 2007. ^ Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 12, pages 135-151, 1990. ^ Arab, M. Sameh. Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Page accessed December 15, 2007. ^ Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, hosted on the University of Oklahoma website. Page accessed December 15, 2007. ^ Wilwerding, Terry. History of Dentistry, hosted on the Creighton University School of Dentistry website, page 4. Page accessed December 15, 2007. ^ Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3 ^ a b Antique Dental Instruments External links History of Dentistry in the 20th Century by the ADA Information resource for UK dental professionals Ancient dentistry discovered Dentistry at the Open Directory Project v d e Dentistry Recognized Specialties Endodontics - Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology - Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics - Pediatric Dentistry - Periodontics - Prosthodontics - Dental public health - Restorative Dentistry Unrecognized Specialties Cosmetic Dentistry - Dental Implantology - Temporomandibular Joint Disorder - Geriatric dentistry Other Forensic Odontology Lists List of oral health and dental topics - List of basic dentistry topics v d e Cleft lip and palate Related specialities Advance practice nursing Audiology Dentistry Dietetics Genetics Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthodontics Orthodontic technology Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pediatric dentistry Physician Plastic surgery Psychiatry Psychology Respiratory therapy Social Work Speech and language therapy Related syndromes Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes Pierre Robin syndrome Popliteal pterygium syndrome Van der Woude syndrome Cleft lip and palate organisations Cleft Lip and Palate Association Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Ireland Interplast North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service Operation Smile Shriners Hospitals for Children The Smile Train Transforming Faces Worldwide Related organisations American Association of Orthodontists British Dental Association British Dental Health Foundation British Orthodontic Society Canadian Association of Orthodontists Dental Technologists Association National Health Service Orthodontic National Group Orthodontic Technicians Association General Dental Council v d e Health science Allied health professions Athletic training Audiology Chiropractic Dentistry Dental hygiene Dietetics Electrocardiographic technicians Emergency medical services Hemodialysis technicians Massage therapy Medical assistants Medical physics Medical technologist Medical transcription Music therapy Nuclear medicine technology Nutrition Occupational therapy Optometry Pharmacy Phlebotomy Orthotics/Prosthetics Physical therapy Podiatry Psychology Radiation therapy Radiography Radiologic technologist Respiratory therapy Speech and language pathology Social work Ultrasonography Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Dentistry Categories: Dentistry | Military occupations | Healthcare occupationsHidden categories: Pages needing expert attention | articles needing factual verification since December 2007 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since November 2007 | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية AzÉ™rbaycan Bân-lâm-gú Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia á?ƒá“„ᒃᑎá‘?ᑦ/inuktitut Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 27 August 2008, at 22:13
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