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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - physics Gamma Knife technology used in radiotherapy. Gamma Knife technology used in radiotherapy. Medical physics is the application of physics to medicine. It generally concerns physics as applied to medical imaging and radiotherapy, although a medical physicist may also work in many other areas of healthcare. A medical physics department may be based in either a hospital or a university and its work is likely to include research, technical development and clinical healthcare. Of the large body of medical physicists in academia and clinics, roughly 85% practice or specialize in various forms of therapy, 10% in Diagnostic imaging, and 5% in nuclear medicine.1 Areas of specialty in medical physics however are widely varied in scope and breadth. Contents 1 Areas of specialty 1.1 Medical imaging 1.2 Treatment of disease 1.3 Physiological measurement techniques 1.4 Radiation protection 1.5 Medical computing and mathematics 2 Education and training 2.1 In North America 2.2 In the United Kingdom 2.3 Legislative and advisory bodies 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 Schools 5.2 Professional organizations Areas of specialty Medical imaging Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly. Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly. Diagnostic radiology, including x-rays, fluoroscopy, mammography, Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, angiography and Computed tomography Ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound Non-ionising radiation Lasers, Ultraviolet etc. Nuclear medicine, including SPECT and positron emission tomography PET Magnetic resonance imaging MRI, including functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI and other methods for functional neuroimaging of the brain. For example, nuclear magnetic resonance often referred to as magnetic resonance imaging to avoid the common concerns about radiation, uses the phenomenon of nuclear resonance to image the human body. Magnetoencephalography Electrical impedance tomography Diffuse optical imaging Optical coherence tomography Treatment of disease Defibrillation High intensity focussed ultrasound, including lithotripsy Interventional radiology Non-ionising radiation Lasers, Ultraviolet etc. including photodynamic therapy and LASIK Nuclear medicine, including unsealed source radiotherapy Photomedicine, the use of light to treat and diagnose disease Radiotherapy TomoTherapy Cyberknife Gamma knife Proton therapy Brachytherapy Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Sealed source radiotherapy Terahertz radiation Physiological measurement techniques ECG trace ECG trace Used to monitor and measure various physiological parameters. Many physiological measurement techniques are non-invasive and can be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, other invasive methods. Electrocardiography Electromyography Electroencephalography Electronystagmography Endoscopy Medical ultrasonography Non-ionising radiation Lasers, Ultraviolet etc. Near infrared spectroscopy Pulse oximetry Blood gas monitor Blood pressure measurement Radiation protection Background radiation Radiation protection Dosimetry Health Physics Radiological Protection of Patients Medical computing and mathematics CT image reconstruction CT image reconstruction Medical informatics Telemedicine Picture archiving and communication systems PACS DICOM Tomographic reconstruction, an ill-posed inverse problem Advanced Digital Imaging Solutions LaboratoryADISL2 Education and training The primary clinical responsibility of the Qualified Medical Physicist is to assure the safe and effective delivery of radiation to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic result as prescribed in patient care Medical Physics Scope of Practice.3 Various training programs exist to accommodate the demand for specialization in this field. In North America In North America, medical physics training is offered at a master's, doctorate, post-doctorate and/or residency levels. Several large and established universities offer these degrees in Canada and the United States. Some programs such as the University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Radiology offer dual medical residency and Ph.D. degrees in medical physics.4 As of 2008, twelve universities in the United States, and five universities in Canada have graduate programs in Medical Physics that are accred by The Commission on Accration of Medical Physics Education Programs CAMPEP. As CAMPEP continues to gain support from bodies such as The American Association of Physicists in Medicine5, the American Board of Radiology has specified that graduation from a CAMPEP accred clinical training program be considered a requirement to sit for the ABR certification exams by 2014.678 As of 2008, the number of medical physics graduate programs that are not accred significantly outnumber the CAMPEP accred programs in North America see links below. In the United States, the Consumer Assurance of Radiologic Excellence Act H.R. 1426 also called the CARE Bill under consideration by the U.S. congress in 2007 has required minimum training and qualifications for individuals to practice medical physics. The American Board of Radiology currently certifies medical physicists and desires that all candidates receive consistent training in a CAMPEP accred clinical residency program. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine supports this desire.9 In the United Kingdom The person concerned must first gain a first or upper second-class honours degree in a physical or engineering science subject before they can start the Grade A medical physics training within the NHS. Trainees can complete Grade A training in fifteen months provided they hold an MSc from an IPEM accred center in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland National University of Ireland, Galway. For these candidates, the grade A training consists of pure clinical experience. Trainees applying for grade A trainee holding only a degree in a physical or engineering science subject must undertake a combined study and clinical training program. This program consists of two years of clinical placement, during which the trainee will study for an MSc in Medical Physics which is approved by the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine IPEM. The MSc will be either at Swansea, Sheffield, Surrey, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, Aberdeen, King's or Queen Mary's. Successful completion of the Grade A training programme leads to an IPEM Diploma. The trainee can then apply for a Grade B position, which will consists of the IPEM's Programme of Advanced Training PAT which takes a further two years and leads to Corporate Membership of the IPEM. At this stage the physicist is eligible for Senior Grade B positions. Legislative and advisory bodies ICRU: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ICRP: International Commission on Radiological Protection NCRP: National Council on Radiation Protection Measurements NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission FDA: Food and Drug Administration IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency See also Biomedical engineering Biomechanics Functional electrical stimulation Dialysis Gait analysis Prosthetics Cochlear implants Nanomedicine Important publications in medical physics References ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.21 ^ Prof. R.K.S. Rathore ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.4 ^ HSC NEWS - The University of Texas Health Science Center - The Office of External Affairs ^ AAPM stated policy: http://www.aapm.org/org/policies/details.asp?id=242type=AP ^ Hendee, W.R., Accration, Certification and Maintenance of Certification in Medical Physics: The Need for Convergence. NCCAAPM meeting, Nov 19, 2004. ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.6 ^ AAPM presentation report p.8 ^ Alternative Clinical Medical Physics Training Pathways: Report of AAPM Task Group 133, p.24 External links The external links in this article may not follow 's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Medical Physics Free Radiology Physics Resource - Free For Radiographers, Radiologists and Engineers. Free online texts medicalphysicsweb.org - a community website from the Institute of Physics AIP Medical Physics portal Resources for physics students and clinical medical physicists Schools CAMPEP Accred Graduate Programs in Medical Physics CAMPEP non-Accred Graduate Programs in Medical Physics Other list of Canadian programs A partial list of academic programs Professional organizations IOMP: International Organisation for Medical Physics link ASTRO: American Society for Therapeutic Radiology And Oncology link RSNA: Radiological Society of North America ACMP: American College of Medical Physics link ISMRM: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine link AAPM: American Association of Physicists in Medicine EFOMP: European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics link ABR: American Board of Radiology link APSM: Association of physical scientists in medicine link COMP: Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists link IPEM: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine link ABMP: American Board of Medical Physics link SEFM: Spanish society of Medical Physics link SFPM: French society of Medical Physicists link APSM: Association of physical scientists in medicine Ireland link ACPSEM: Australasian college of physical scientists and engineers in medicine link Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Medical_physics Categories: Applied and interdisciplinary physics | Medical physics | Radiation oncologyHidden category: external links cleanup Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Deutsch Ù?ارسی Français Galego עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 8 August 2008, at 22:17
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