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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - Orange fruit Redirected from Oranges Semi-protected Orange Orange blossoms and oranges on tree Orange blossoms and oranges on tree Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. sinensis Binomial name Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck1 Orange, raw, Florida Nutritional value per 100 g 3.5 oz Energy 50 kcal 190 kJ Carbohydrates 11.54 g - Sugars 9.14 g - Dietary fiber 2.4 g Fat 0.21 g Protein 0.70 g Thiamin Vit. B1 0.100 mg 8% Riboflavin Vit. B2 0.040 mg 3% Niacin Vit. B3 0.400 mg 3% Pantothenic acid B5 0.250 mg 5% Vitamin B6 0.051 mg 4% Folate Vit. B9 17 μg 4% Vitamin C 45 mg 75% Calcium 43 mg 4% Iron 0.09 mg 1% Magnesium 10 mg 3% Phosphorus 12 mg 2% Potassium 169 mg 4% Zinc 0.08 mg 1% Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient database An orange-specifically, the sweet orange-is the citrus fruit Citrus sinensis syn. Citrus aurantium L. var. dulcis L., or Citrus aurantium Risso and its fruit. The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo Citrus maxima and tangerine Citrus reticulata. It is a small flowering tree growing to about 10 m tall with evergreen leaves, which are arranged alternately, of ovate shape with crenulate margins and 4-10 cm long. The orange fruit is a hesperidium, a type of berry. Oranges originated in Southeast Asia. The fruit of Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange. In a number of languages, it is known as a Chinese apple e.g. Dutch Sinaasappel, China's apple, or Apfelsine in German. The name is thought to ultimately derive from the Dravidian word for the orange tree, with its final form developing after passing through numerous intermediate languages. Contents 1 Fruit 2 Varieties 2.1 Persian orange 2.2 Navel orange 2.3 Valencia orange 2.4 Blood orange 3 Production 4 Etymology 5 Juice and other products 6 Gallery 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Fruit All citrus trees are of the single genus Citrus, and remain largely interbreedable; that is, there is only one superspecies which includes grapefruits, lemons, limes and oranges. Nevertheless, names have been given to the various members of the genus, oranges often being referred to as Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium. Fruits of all members of the genus Citrus are considered berries because they have many seeds, are fleshy and soft, and derive from a single ovary. An orange seed is called a pip. The white thread-like material, attached to the inside of the peel is called pith. Varieties Persian orange The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges brought to Europe in the 15th century from India by Portuguese traders, quickly displaced the bitter, and are now the most common variety of orange cultivated. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colours according to local conditions, most commonly with ten carpels, or segments, inside. Some South East European tongues name orange after Portugal, which was formerly the main source of imports of sweet oranges. Examples are Bulgarian portokal портокал, Greek portokali ποÏ?τοκάλι, Romanian portocală and Georgian phortokhali ფáƒ?რთáƒ?ხáƒ?ლი. Also in South Italian dialects Neapolitan, orange is named portogallo or purtualle, literally the Portuguese ones. Related names can also be found in non-European languages: Turkish Portakal, Arabic al-burtuqal البرتقال, Persian porteghal پرتقال and Amharic birtukan. Portuguese, Spanish, Arab, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus brought the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to Haiti and the Caribbean. They were introduced in Florida along with lemons in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon, and were introduced to Hawaii in 1792. Navel orange A peeled sectioned navel orange. The underdeveloped twin is located on the bottom right. A peeled sectioned navel orange. The underdeveloped twin is located on the bottom right. A single mutation in 1820 in an orchard of sweet oranges planted at a monastery in Brazil yielded the navel orange, also known as the Washington, Riverside, or Bahie navel. The mutation causes navel oranges to develop a second orange at the base of the original fruit, opposite the stem. The second orange develops as a conjoined twin in a set of smaller segments embedded within the peel of the larger orange. From the outside, the smaller, and undeveloped twin leaves a formation at the bottom of the fruit that looks similar to the human navel. Because the mutation left the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only means available to cultivate more of this new variety is to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus tree. Two such cuttings of the original tree were transplanted2 to Riverside, California in 1870, which eventually led to worldwide popularity. Today, navel oranges continue to be produced via cutting and grafting. This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so not only do the navel oranges of today have exactly the same genetic makeup as the original tree, and are therefore clones; in a sense, all navel oranges can be considered to be the fruit of that single, over a century-old tree. On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.3 Valencia orange The Valencia or Murcia orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when the navel oranges are out of season. For this reason, the orange was chosen to be the official mascot of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Spain. The mascot was called Naranjito little orange, and wore the colours of the Spanish soccer team uniform. Blood orange Orange output in 2005 Orange output in 2005 The blood orange has streaks of red in the fruit, and the juice is often a dark burgundy colour. The fruit has found a niche as an interesting ingredient variation on traditional Seville marmalade, with its striking red streaks and distinct flavour. The scarlet navel is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the navel orange. Production Top Orange Producers - 2005 million tonnes Flag of Brazil Brazil 17.8 Flag of the United States United States 8.4 Flag of Mexico Mexico 4.1 Flag of India India 3.1 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 2.4 Flag of Spain Spain 2.3 Flag of Italy Italy 2.2 Flag of Iran Iran 1.9 Flag of Egypt Egypt 1.8 Flag of Pakistan Pakistan 1.6 World Total 61.7 Source: UN Food Agriculture Organisation FAO4 An orange grove photographed from the air. An orange grove photographed from the air. Oranges grown for commercial production are generally grown in groves and are produced throughout the world. The top three orange-producing countries are Brazil, the United States, and Mexico. Oranges are sensitive to frost, and a common treatment to prevent frost damage when sub-freezing temperatures are expected, is to spray the trees with water, since as long as unfrozen water is turning to ice on the trees' branches, the ice that has formed stays just at the freezing point, giving protection even if air temperatures have dropped far lower.5 Etymology Main article: Orange word The word orange is derived from Sanskrit nÄ?raá¹…gaḥ orange tree.6 The Sanskrit word was borrowed into European languages through Persian nÄ?rang, Armenian nÄ?rinj, Arabic nÄ?ranj, Spanish naranja and Portuguese laranja, Late Latin arangia, Italian arancia or arancio, and Old French orenge, in chronological order. The first appearance in English dates from the 14th century. The forms starting with n- are older; this initial n- may have been mistaken as part of the indefinite article, in languages with articles ending with an -n sound e.g., in French une norenge may have been taken as une orenge. The name of the colour is derived from the fruit, first appearing in this sense in 1542. Some languages have different words for the bitter and the sweet orange, such as Modern Greek nerantzi and portokali, respectively. Or in Persian, the words are narang and porteghal Portugal, in the same order. The reason is that the sweet orange was brought from China or India to Europe during the 15th century by the Portuguese. For the same reason, some languages refer to it as Applesin or variants, which means Apple from China, while the bitter orange was introduced through Persia. Juice and other products Oranges and orange juice. Oranges and orange juice. Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavours of oranges vary from sweet to sour. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by removing water, using pressure and heat. It is also used in certain recipes as flavouring or a garnish. The outer-most layer of the rind can be grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a zester, to produce orange zest. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains the oil glands and has a strong flavour similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind, called the pericarp or albedo and including the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh. Products made from oranges include: Orange juice is one of the commodities traded on the New York Board of Trade. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by the USA. It is made by squeezing the fruit on a special instrument called a juicer or a squeezer. The juice is collected in a small tray underneath. This is mainly done in the home, and in industry is done on a much larger scale. Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered orange juice.7 Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used as a flavouring of food and drink and for its fragrance in perfume and aromatherapy. Sweet orange oil consists of about 90% d-Limonene, a solvent used in various household chemicals, such as to condition wooden furniture, and along with other citrus oils in grease removal and as a hand-cleansing agent. It is an efficient cleaning agent which is promoted as being environmentally friendly and preferable to petroleum distillates. However, d-Limonene is classified as toxic or very toxic in several countriescitation needed. Its smell is considered more pleasant by some than those of other cleaning agents. Although once thought to cause renal cancer in rats, limonene now is known as a significant chemopreventive agent8 with potential value as a dietary anti-cancer tool in humans.9 There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity in humans. The IARC classifies d-limonene under Class 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.citation needed The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida, is traditionally associated with good fortune, and was popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths for weddings for some time. The petals of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of rosewater. Orange blossom water is a common part of Middle Eastern cuisine. The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the Costa del Azahar Orange-blossom coast, the Castellon seaboard. In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and then used to make tea. Orange blossom honey, or actually citrus honey, is produced by putting beehives in the citrus groves during bloom, which also pollinates seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and tastes much like orange. Marmalade, a conserve usually made with Seville oranges. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade: the pith and pips are separated, and typically placed in a muslin bag where they are boiled in the juice and sliced peel to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process. Orange peel is used by gardeners as a slug repellent. Orange leaves can be boiled to make tea. Gallery These varieties are called 'Ambersweet' oranges. Featured here are orange seeds pips. Navel oranges from Florida are the most common to be sold in US grocery stores. Satsuma Oranges picked on Christmas day 2007 in Gainesville, Florida The fruit of an orange with the peel removed. Footnotes Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citrus sinensis ^ Citrus sinensis information from NPGS/GRIN. www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. ^ Parent Navel Orange Tree in Riverside, CA ^ Citrus Variety Collection ^ FAO Statistics ^ How Cold Can Water Get? ^ Orange. Reference.com 2008. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. ^ The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass ^ Crowell PL. Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr. 1999 Mar;1293:775S-778S.1 ^ Tsuda H, Ohshima Y, Nomoto H, Fujita K, Matsuda E, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Moore MA. Cancer prevention by natural compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Aug;194:245-63.2 References McPhee, John. Oranges 1966 - focuses on Florida groves. Sackman, Douglas Cazaux. Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden 2005 comprehensive, multidimensional history of citrus industry in California Train, John. Oranges 2006 External links Citrus sinensis List of Chemicals Dr. Duke's Databases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Orange_fruit Categories: Citrus | Tropical agriculture | Symbols of FloridaHidden categories: Semi-protected | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 | Articles with statements since May 2008 Views Article Discussion View source History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages አማáˆáŠ› العربية Aragonés বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú БеларуÑ?каÑ? БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца Bosanski Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Uyghurche‎ / ئۇيغۇرچە Polski Português Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? తెలà±?à°—à±? ไทย Tiếng Việt faka-Tonga Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 24 August 2008, at 14:03
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