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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - Prosthesis For other uses, see Prosthesis disambiguation. A United States Army soldier plays table football with two prosthetic arms A United States Army soldier plays table football with two prosthetic arms In medicine, a prosthesis plural prostheses is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of fusing mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect. Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury traumatic or missing from birth congenital or to supplement defective body parts. In addition to the standard artificial limb for every-day use, many amputees have special limbs and devices to aid in the participation of sports and recreational activities. Contents 1 Mechanical and electronic components 2 Cosmesis 3 Cognition 4 Prosthetic enhancement 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Mechanical and electronic components The ancient Egyptians developed a wood and leather prosthetic toe to facilitate an amputee's ability to walk The ancient Egyptians developed a wood and leather prosthetic toe to facilitate an amputee's ability to walk In order for a robotic prosthetic limb to work, it must have several components to integrate it into the body's function: Biosensors detect signals from the users nervous or muscular systems. It then relays this information to a controller located inside the device, and processes feedback from the limb and actuator e.g., position, force and sends it to the controller. Examples include wires that detect electrical activity on the skin, needle electrodes implanted in muscle, or solid-state electrode arrays with nerves growing through them. Mechanical sensors process aspects affecting the device e.g., limb position, applied force, load and relay this information to the biosensor or controller. Examples: force meters and accelerometers. The controller is connected to the user's nerve and muscular systems and the device itself. It sends intention commands from the user to the actuators of the device, and interprets feedback from the mechanical and biosensors to the user. The controller is also responsible for the monitoring and control of the movements of the device. An actuator mimics the actions of a muscle in producing force and movement. Examples include a motor that aids or replaces original muscle tissue. Cosmesis With advances in modern tech of cosmesis, the creation of life-like limbs made from silicone or PVC, has been made possible. Such prosthetics, such as artificial hands, can now be made to mimic the appearance of real hands, complete with freckles, veins, hair, fingerprints and even tattoos. Custom-made cosmeses are generally more expensive costing thousands of US dollars, depending on the level of detail, while standard cosmeses come ready-made in various sizes, though they are often not as realistic as their custom-made counterparts. Another option is the custom-made silicone cover, which can be made to match a person's skin tone but not details such as freckles or wrinkles. Cosmeses are attached to the body in any number of ways, using an adhesive, suction, form-fitting, stretchable skin, or a skin sleeve. Cognition Unlike neuromotor prostheses, neurocognitive prostheses would sense or modulate neural function in order to physically reconstitute or augment cognitive processes such as executive function, attention, language, and memory. No neurocognitive prostheses are currently available but the development of implantable neurocognitive brain-computer interfaces has been proposed to help treat conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, autism, and Alzheimer's disease.1 Prosthetic enhancement Within science fiction, and, more recently, within the scientific community, there has been consideration given to using advanced prostheses to replace healthy body parts with artificial mechanisms and systems to improve function. The morality and desirability of such technologies is being debated. Body parts such as legs, arms, hands, feet, and others can be replaced. The first experiment with a healthy individual appears to have been that by the British scientist Kevin Warwick. On 2002-03-14 an implant was interfaced directly into Warwick's nervous system. The electrode array, which contained around 100 electrodes, was placed in the median nerve. The signals produced were detailed enough that a robot arm was able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm and provide a form of touch feedback again via the implant.2 See also Prosthetist Amputation References ^ Serruya MD, Kahana MJ 2008. Techniques and devices to restore cognition. Behav Brain Res. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.007. PMID 18539345. ^ Warwick,K, Gasson,M, Hutt,B, Goodhew,I, Kyberd,P, Andrews,B, Teddy,P and Shad,A. The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems, Archives of Neurology, 6010, pp1369-1373, 2003 External links Look up Prosthesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The International Society for Prosthetics Orthotics is an international multi-disciplinary society that is comprised of persons who have a professional interest in the clinical, educational and research aspects of prosthetics, orthotics, rehabilitation engineering and related areas. Orthotics Prosthetics Pakistan First online web resource in Orthotics and Prosthetics from Pakistan. American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists is a national organization of practitioners and related OP professionals. Board for Orthotist/Prosthetist Certification, Inc is the National certifying and accring body also for orthotic and prosthetic professions. American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc is the national certifying and accring body for the orthotic and prosthetic professions. Amputee Coalition of America has many articles on prosthetics and choosing an OP provider Knee Replacement Surgery Never Been Done - Documentary about an athlete with a prosthetic leg SCIENCE EXTENDS REACH OF PROSTHETIC ARMS National Amputee Centre - Information about artificial limbs The UMC St Radboud Amputee Team Website - Information for lower limb amputees including prosthesis alignment, tuning and socket design OPCare has a complete glossary relating to the field of prosthetics The Open Prosthetics Project - an open-source collaboration between users, designers and funders to make prosthetic design available and affordable How Stuff Works : Biomechatronics - an overview of the field of biomechatronics, of which prosthetics is a part The practical side of living a prosthesis. My experiences and other help Mind controlled Human Limbs Hanger Prosthetics Orthotics, Inc. Largest provider of prosthetic and orthotic care in the world. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Prosthesis Categories: Medical equipment | Implants | Prosthetics Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 14:1
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