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30-AUGUST-2008 03:13:07 - work A photo of public space graffiti art found on a retaining wall in Columbus, Ohio. Social workers are concerned with social inequalities. A photo of public space graffiti art found on a retaining wall in Columbus, Ohio. Social workers are concerned with social inequalities. Social work is a discipline involving the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and societies. It incorporates and uses other social sciences as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society's response to chronic problems. Social work is the profession committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the enhancement of the quality of life, and to the development of the full potential of each individual, group and community in society. It seeks to simultaneously address and resolve social issues at every level of society and economic status, but especially among the poor and sick. Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their human impacts. They work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities. Social work as a defined pursuit and profession began in the 19th century. This was in response to societal problems that resulted from the Industrial Revolution and an increased interest in applying scientific theory to various aspects of study. Eventually an increasing number of educational institutions began to offer social work programs. The settlement movement's emphasis on advocacy and case work became part of social work practice. During the 20th century, the profession began to rely more on research and evidenced-based practice as it attempted to improve its professionalism. Today social workers are employed in a myriad of pursuits and settings. Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional degree in social work and often also have a license or are professionally registered. Social workers have organized themselves into local, national, and international professional bodies to further the aims of the profession. Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Western World 2 Contemporary professional development 3 Qualifications 3.1 Professional associations 4 Role of the professional 5 Types of professional intervention 5.1 Types of clinical or direct practice 5.2 Types of community practice 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Origins Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to deal with poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood as a distinctly different as well. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions.1 Western World In the West, when Constantine I legalized the Christian Church, it started poorhouses, homes for the aged, hospitals, and orphanages.234 These were often funded, at least in part, from grants from the Empire.5 By 590 the church had a system for circulating the consumables to the poor: associated with each parish was a diaconium or office of the deacon. As there was no effective bureaucracy below city government that was capable of charitable activities, the clergy served this role in the west up through the 18th century. During the Middle Ages, the Christian church had vast influence on European society and charity was considered to be a responsibility and a sign of one's piety. This charity was in the form of direct relief for example, giving money, food, or other material goods to alleviate a particular need, as opposed to trying to change the root causes of poverty. The practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern 19th century and scientific origin.6 Social work, as a profession or pursuit, originated in the 19th century. The movement began primarily in the United States and England. After the end of feudalism, the poor were seen as a more direct threat to the social order,citation needed and so the state formed an organized system to care for them. In England, the Poor Law served this purpose. This system of laws sorted the poor into different categories, such as the able bodied poor, the impotent poor, and the idle poor. This system developed different responses to these different groups. Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness. Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness. The 19th century ushered in the Industrial Revolution. There was a great leap in technological and scientific achievement, but there was also a great migration to urban areas throughout the Western world. This led to many social problems, which in turn led to an increase in social activism.7 Also with the dawn of the 19th century came a great missionary push from many Protestant denominations. Some of these mission efforts urban missions, attempted to resolve the problems inherent in large cities like poverty, prostitution, disease, and other afflictions. In the United States workers known as friendly visitors, stipended by church and other charitable bodies, worked through direct relief, prayer, and evangelism to alleviate these problems.6 In Europe, chaplains or almoners were appointed to administrate the church's mission to the poor. Jane Addams September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935 was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement and is considered one of the early influences on professional social work in the United States. Jane Addams September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935 was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement and is considered one of the early influences on professional social work in the United States. During this time, rescue societies were initiated to find more appropriate means of self-support for women involved in prostitution.citation needed Mental asylums grew to assist in taking care of the mentally ill. A new philosophy of scientific charity emerged, which stated charity should be secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, and dogmatic.8 In the late 1880s, a new system to provide aid for social ills came in to being, which became known as the settlement movement.9 The settlement movement focused on the causes of poverty through the three Rs - Research, Reform, and Residence. They provided a variety of services including educational, legal, and health services. These programs also advocated changes in social policy. Workers in the settlement movement immersed themselves in the culture of those they were helping. In America, the various approaches to social work led to a fundamental question - is social work a profession? This debate can be traced back to the early 20th century debate between Mary Richmond's Charity Organization Society COS and Jane Addams's Settlement House Movement. The essence of this debate was whether the problem should be approached from COS' traditional, scientific method focused on efficiency and prevention or the Settlement House Movement's immersion into the problem, blurring the lines of practitioner and client.10 Even as many schools of social work opened and formalized processes for social work began to be developed, the question lingered. In 1915, at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Dr. Abraham Flexner spoke on the topic Is Social Work a Profession? He contended that it was not because it lacked specialized knowledge and specific application of theoretical and intellectual knowledge to solve human and social problems.11 This led to the professionalization of social work, concentrating on case work and the scientific method. Contemporary professional development Main article: Social work knowledge building The International Federation of Social Workers states, of social work today, social work bases its methodology on a systematic body of evidence-based knowledge derived from research and practice evaluation, including local and indigenous knowledge specific to its context. It recognizes the complexity of interactions between human beings and their environment, and the capacity of people both to be affected by and to alter the multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial factors. The social work profession draws on theories of human development and behaviour and social systems to analyse complex situations and to facilitate individual, organizational, social and cultural changes.12 The current state of social work professional development is characterized by two realities. There is a great deal of traditional social and psychological research both qualitative and quantitative being carried out primarily by university-based researchers and by researchers based in institutes, foundations, or social service agencies. Meanwhile, many social work practitioners continue to look to their own experience for knowledge. This is a continuation of the debate that has persisted since the outset of the profession in the first decade of the twentieth century.10 One reason for the gap between information obtained through practice, opposed to through research, is that practitioners deal with situations that are unique and idiosyncratic, while research concentrates on similarities. The combining of these two types of knowledge is often imperfect. A hopeful development for bridging this gap is the compilation, in many practice fields, of collections of best practices which attempt to distill research findings and the experience of respected practitioners into effective practice techniques.citation needed Although social work has roots in the informatics revolution, an important contemporary development in the profession is overcoming suspicion of technology and taking advantage of the potential of information technology to empower clients.10 Qualifications Main article: Qualifications for professional social work Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional degree in Social Work. Often these practitioners must also obtain a license or be professionally registered. In many areas of the Western world, social workers start with a Bachelor of Social Work BA, BSc or BSW degree. Some countries, such as the United States, also offer post-graduate degrees like the master's degree MA, MSc or MSW or the doctoral degree Ph.D or DSW. In the United Kingdom, often referred to as social services assistants or care workers, are persons who are not professionally registered and often do not hold any formal social work qualification. In England, to use the term 'social worker', one must register with the General Social Care Council GSCC. This followed the Care Standards Act 2000 which has protected the title since April 2005 in England. Within the mental health sector in the UK, an additional qualification can be gained: an Approved Social Worker. This enables the practitioner to assess and make an application to hospital for admission under the Mental Health Act 1983. In a number of countries and jurisdictions, registration or licensure of people working as social workers is required and there are mandated qualifications.13 In other places, a professional association sets academic and experiential requirements for admission to membership. The success of these professional bodies' efforts are demonstrated in the fact that these same requirements are recognized by employers as necessary for employment.14 Professional associations There are a number of professional associations for social workers. The purpose of these associations is to provide advocacy, ethical guidance, and other forms of support for their members and social workers in general. There are a number of international regulatory bodies for professional social workers. Two of these are the International Federation of Social Workers IFSW and the International Association of Schools of Social Work IASSW. The Iowa School Social Workers Association ISSWA is made up of masters level social workers employed by area education agencies and local school districts in Iowa. On a national level there are organizations regulating the profession, as well. Some of these are the National Association of Social Workers United States, the British Association of Social Workers United Kingdom, the Australian Association of Social Workers Australia, and the Professional Social Workers' Association India. Role of the professional Main article: Role of the professional social worker Professional social workers have a strong tradition of working for social justice and of refusing to recreate unequal social structures.citation needed The main tasks of professional social workers can include a variety of services such as case management linking clients with agencies and programs that will meet their psychosocial needs, medical social work, counseling psychotherapy, human services management, social welfare policy analysis, community organizing, advocacy, teaching in schools of social work, and social science research. Professional social workers work in a variety of settings, including: non-profit or public social service agencies, grassroots advocacy organizations, hospitals, hospices, community health agencies, schools, faith-based organizations, and even the military. Some social workers work as psychotherapists, counselors, or mental health practitioners, often working in collaboration with psychiatrists, psychologists, or other medical professionals. Social workers may also work independently as private practice psychotherapists in the United States and are able to bill most third party payers such as insurance companies. Additionally, some social workers focus their efforts on social policy or conduct academic research into the practice or ethics of social work. The emphasis has varied among these task areas by historical era and country. Some of these areas have been the subject of controversy as to whether they are properly part of social work's mission.citation needed A variety of settings employ social workers, including governmental departments especially in the areas of child and family welfare, mental health, correctional services, and education departments, hospitals, non-government welfare agencies and private practice - working independently as counsellors, family therapists or researchers. Types of professional intervention There are three general categories or levels of intervention. The first is Macro social work which involves society or communities as a whole. This type of social work practice would include policy forming and advocacy on a national or international scale. The second level of intervention is described as Mezzo social work practice. This level would involve work with agencies, small organizations, and other small groups. This practice would include policy making within a social work agency or developing programs for a particular neighborhood. The final level is the Micro level that involves service to individuals and families. There are a wide variety of activities that can be considered social work and professional social workers are employed in many different types of environments. In general, social workers employed in clinical or direct practice work on a micro level. Social workers who serve in community practice are occupied in the mezzo or macro levels of social work. The following lists detail some of the types of jobs that social workers may do. Types of clinical or direct practice Assessment and diagnosis Case management Clinical supervision Counseling or psychotherapy Psychoanalysis Crisis intervention Family therapy/Family interventions Group therapy or other group work Child welfare Adoption Child abuse Foster care Disability services Domestic violence Family planning Employee assistance programs Medical social work Forensic Social Work School social worker Substance abuse Aging or gerontology Nursing home Hospice Reminiscence therapy Anti-poverty Income assistance Job training/placement Food bank programs Housing and homelessness Violence prevention Person centered planning Play therapy Psychosocial and psychoeducational interventions Relationship counseling and interpersonal counseling Relationship education Immigrant and refugee services and supports Anti-racism Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender supports Types of community practice Main article: Community practice Academic Management Community development Community economic development Community education Community organizing Critical social work Mediation Neighborhood development Policy advocacy Policy analysis Political participation Program development Program evaluation Research International development Social action Social movement Social planning See also Barefoot social work Caseworker School social worker Social Work in the Military Tony Vinson Michel Foucault Approved Social Worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker References ^ Religion. Middle School Lesson Plans. Global Envision. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. ^ 1 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ Burckhardt, Jacob 1967. The Age of Constantine the Great. ^ a b Huff, Dan. Chapter I. Scientific Philanthropy 1860-1900. The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. ^ Social Work History. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. ^ Huff, Dan. Chapter I.2 Missionaries Volunteers. The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. ^ Huff, Dan. Chapter II. Settlements 1880-1900. The Social Work History Station. Boise State University. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. ^ a b c Parker-Oliver, Debra; Demiris, George April 2006. Social Work Informatics: A New Specialty. Social Work 51 2: 127-134. National Association of Social Workers. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ From Charitable Volunteers to Architects of Social Welfare: A Brief History of Social Work. University of Michigan. Retrieved on 2007-02-20. ^ Definition of Social Work. IFSW General Meeting in Montréal, Canada, July 2000. International Federation of Social Workers 04/10/2005. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. ^ The National Association of Social Workers NASW, 2005. NASW Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http://www.socialworkers.org. ^ Catholic Social Workers National Association. External links Find more about Social work on 's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resources Social Work Manifesto Definition of Social Work Adopted July 2000 by the International Federation of Social Workers. German translation also available at: Austrian National Federation of Social Workers Social Work Society - Online Journal for Social Work and Social Policy. Open Access and Non-Governmental The New Social Worker Online Micro, Mezzo, Macro Practice Skills From Northwestern State University's Department of Social Work. Social Care Online UK based database. Includes a social care taxonomy and a comprehensive list of social care organizations in the UK. Further reading Agnew, Elizabeth N. 2004. From Charity to Social Work: Mary E. Richmond and the Creation of an American Profession. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252028759. OCLC 51848398. Axinn, June and Mark J. Stern 2008. Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need, 7th ion, Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 9780205522156. OCLC 86038254. Balgopal, Pallassana R. 2000. Social Work Practice with Immigrants and Refugees. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231108567. OCLC 43323656. Barker, Robert L. 2003. Social Work Dictionary, 5th ion, Silver Spring, MD: NASW Press. ISBN 087101355X. OCLC 52341511. Butler, Ian and Gwenda Roberts 2004. Social Work with Children and Families: Getting into Practice, 2nd ion, London, England; New York, NY: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 1417501030. OCLC 54768636. Davies, Martin 2002. The Blackwell Companion of Social Work, 2nd ion, Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0631223916. OCLC 49044512. Fischer, Joel and Kevin J. Corcoran 2007. Measures for Clinical Practice and Research: A Sourcebook, 4th ion, Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195181906. OCLC 68980742. Greene, Roberta R. 2008. Social Work with the Aged and their Families, 3rd ion, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9780202361826. OCLC 182573540. Grinnell, Richard M. and Yvonne A Unrau 2008. Social Work Research and Evaluation: Foundations of Evidence-Based Practice, 8th ion, Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195301526. OCLC 82772632. Mizrahi, Terry and Larry E. Davis 2008. Encyclopedia of Social Work, 20th ion, Washington, DC; Oxford, UK; New York, NY: NASW Press and Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195306613. OCLC 156816850. Popple, Philip R. and Leslie Leighninger 2008. The Policy-Based Profession: An Introduction to Social Welfare Policy Analysis for Social Workers, 4th ion, Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0205485928. OCLC 70708056. Reamer, Frederic G. 2006. Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Review of the NASW Code of Ethics, 2nd ion, Washington, DC: NASW Press. ISBN 9780871013712. OCLC 63187493. Richardson, Virginia E. and Amanda Smith Barusch 2006. Gerontological Practice for the Twenty-First Ccentury: A Social Work Perspective. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 023110748X. OCLC 60373501. Sowers, Karen M. and Catherine N. Dulmus and others. 2008. Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0471752223. OCLC 155755265. Specht, Harry; Courtney, Mark E. 1994. Unfaithful angels : how social work has abandoned its mission. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0029303559. Statham, Daphne 2004. Managing Front Line Practice in Social Work. New York, NY: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 1417501278. OCLC 54768593. Thyer, Bruce A. and John S. Wodarski 2007. Social Work in Mental Health: An Evidence-Based Approach. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471693049. OCLC 65197928. Turner, Francis J. 2005. Canadian Encyclopedia of Social Work. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0889204365. OCLC 57354998. Wittenberg, Renee 2003. Opportunities in Social Work Careers, Revised ion, Chicago, IL: VGM Career Books. ISBN 0071390480. OCLC 49959266. v d e Social Work and related concepts Primary concepts Social work · Qualifications for professional social work · Role of the professional social worker · Social work knowledge building Education Bachelor of Social Work BA, BSc or BSW degree · Master of Social Work degree MA, MSc or MSW · Doctor of Social Work degree Ph.D or DSW · International Association of Schools of Social Work · Council on Social Work Education · Schools of social work Articles on social workers American social workers · British social workers · Canadian social work academics · Unclassified social workers Professional social work associations International Federation of Social Workers IFSW · National Association of Social Workers · British Association of Social Workers · Australian Association of Social Workers · Professional Social Workers' Association Types of social work Medical social work · Social work with groups · Social planning · School social worker · Barefoot social work · Forensic Social Work · Caseworker · Child Welfare · Social Work in the Military Other terms of interest Community practice · Community organizing · Settlement movement · Charity Organization Society · Jane Addams · Social justice These articles are supported by the Social Work v d e Health science Allied health professions Athletic training Audiology Chiropractic Dentistry Dental hygiene Dietetics Electrocardiographic technicians Emergency medical services Hemodialysis technicians Massage therapy Medical assistants Medical physics Medical technologist Medical transcription Music therapy Nuclear medicine technology Nutrition Occupational therapy Optometry Pharmacy Phlebotomy Orthotics/Prosthetics Physical therapy Podiatry Psychology Radiation therapy Radiography Radiologic technologist Respiratory therapy Speech and language pathology Social work Ultrasonography Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Social_work Categories: Social work | Mental health professionals | Health sciencesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Deutsch Español Suomi Français עברית Hrvatski Italiano 日本語 Nederlands Polski Português Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька Tiếng Việt ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 28 August 2008, at 16:43
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