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16-September-2008 16:15:06 - hormone Redirected from ACTH December 2007 proopiomelanocortin adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin Identifiers Symbol POMC Entrez 5443 HUGO 9201 OMIM 176830 RefSeq NM_000939 UniProt P01189 Other data Locus Chr. 2 p23 Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH or corticotropin is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress along with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Its principal effects are increased production of aldosterone and, as its name suggests, cortisol. Contents 1 Production 2 Structure 3 Function 4 Synthetic ACTH 5 Associated conditions 6 References 7 See also Production ACTH is synthesised from pro-opiomelanocortin POMC and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe or adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH released by the hypothalamus. It is also produced by cells of immune system T cells, B cells and macrophages as a response to stimuli that go along with stress including CRH. POMC is cleaved into ACTH and β-lipotropin. γ-lipotropin and β-endorphin result from the cleavage of this β-lipotropin. Structure ACTH consists of 39 amino acids, the first 13 of which counting from the N-terminus may be cleaved to form α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone α-MSH. This common structure is one reason that patients with hypocortisolism or Addison's disease, in which ACTH levels are elevated, often present with excessively tanned skin. After a short period of time, ACTH is cleaved into α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone α-MSH and CLIP, a peptide with unknown activity in humans. Function ACTH acts through the stimulation of cell surface ACTH receptors, which are primarily located on the adrenocortical cells. ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids androgens. ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms. The half-life of ACTH in human blood is about ten minutes. Synthetic ACTH An active synthetic form of ACTH, consisting of the first 23 amino acids of native ACTH, was first synthesized by Klaus Hofmann at the University of Pittsburgh.1 ACTH is available as a synthetic derivative in the forms of cosyntropin, tradename Cortrosyn and synacthen synthetic ACTH. Both are very rarely used in place of glucocorticoids to treat secondary adrenal insufficiency in a hospital setting, but are primarily used to conduct the ACTH stimulation test. ACTH was first synthesized as a replacement for Acthar Gel, a long-lasting animal product. Once relatively inexpensive, it is currently an extremely expensive pharmaceutical product. Prices per vial have been as high as $25,000. Associated conditions Addison's disease Small cell carcinoma a common cause of ACTH secreted ectopically Adrenoleukodystrophy Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cushing's syndrome Nelson's syndrome References ^ Simulated ACTH 1960. See also Pituitary-adrenal axis ACTH stimulation test v d e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α FSH, LH, TSH, GH, prolactin, POMC ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH Gonadal axis Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin pregnancy Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, IGF-2 Target-derived NGF, BDNF, NT-3 v d e Peptides: neuropeptides Hypothalamic Somatostatin - CRH - GnRH - GHRH - Orexins - TRH - POMC ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin Gastrointestinal hormones Cholecystokinin - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Gastrin - Motilin - Secretin - Vasoactive intestinal peptide Other hormones Vasopressin - Calcitonin - Other Angiotensin - Bombesin/Neuromedin B - Calcitonin gene-related peptide - Carnosine - Delta sleep-inducing peptide - FMRFamide - Galanin - Gastrin releasing peptide - Kinins Bradykinin, Tachykinins - Neuromedin B, N, U - Neuropeptide Y - Neurophysins - Neurotensin - Opioid peptide - Pancreatic polypeptide - Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone Categories: Genes on chromosome 2 | Anterior pituitary hormones | HPA axis | Peptide hormonesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 4 August 2008, at 11:44
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