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16-September-2008 16:15:12 - Aachen For the meteorite 'Aachen', see Meteorite falls. Aachen help·info Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, and, historically, English: Aix-la-Chapelle is a historic spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km west of Cologne.1 Aachen Aachen City Hall rear Aachen City Hall rear Coat of arms Location Coat of arms of Aachen Germany Aachen Administration Country Germany State North Rhine-Westphalia Admin. region Cologne District Urban district Lord Mayor Jürgen Linden SPD Governing parties SPD / Greens Basic statistics Area 160.83 km² 62.1 sq mi Elevation 266 m 873 ft Population 258,770 - Density 1,609 /km² 4,167 /sq mi Other information Time zone CET/CEST UTC+1/+2 Licence plate AC Postal codes 52062-52080 Area codes 0241 / 02405 / 02407 / 02408 Website www.aachen.de Coordinates: 50°46'0N 6°6'0E / 50.76667, 6.1 Freie Reichsstadt Aachen Free Imperial City of Aachen / Aix-la-Chapelle Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire 1306 - 1801 → Capital Aachen Government Republic Historical era Middle Ages - Settlement founded ca 6th millennium BC - Gained Reichsfreiheit 1306 - Otto I crowned Emperor 936 - Fire devastated city 1656 - First Treaty ended War of Devolution May 2, 1668 - Second Treaty ended War of Austrian Succession April - May 1748 - Annexed by France 1801 - Third Treaty handles post-Napoleonic France October - November 1818 Contents 1 History 1.1 Middle Ages 1.2 18th century 1.3 20th century 2 Main sights 3 Economy 4 Sport 5 Awards 6 Miscellaneous 7 Education 8 Sister cities 9 Name in different languages 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links History Middle Age-style architecture can be found in Aachen. Middle Age-style architecture can be found in Aachen. A quarry on the Lousberg which was first used in Neolithic times attests to the long occupation of the site of Aachen. No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, distant at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early mediæval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Franks. Since Roman times, the hot springs at Aachen have been channeled into baths none of which are currently in use.1 There is some documentary proof that the Romans named the hot sulphur springs of Aachen Aquis-Granum. The name Granus has lately been identified as that of a Celtic deity. In French-speaking areas of the former Empire the word aquis evolved into the modern Aix. Middle Ages Construction of Aix-la-Chapelle, by Jean Fouquet. Construction of Aix-la-Chapelle, by Jean Fouquet. After Roman times, Einhard mentions that in 765-6 Pippin the Younger spent both Christmas and Easter at Aquis villa Et celebravit natalem Domini in Aquis villa et pascha similiter.,2 which must have been sufficiently equipped to support the royal household for several months. In the year of his coronation, 768, Charlemagne came to spend Christmas at Aachen for the first time. He went on to remain there in a mansion which he may have extended, although there is no source attesting any significant building activity at Aachen in his time apart from the building of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen since 1929, cathedral and the palatial presentation halls. Charlemagne spent most winters between 792 and his death in 814 in Aachen, which became the focus of his court and the political center of his empire. After his death, the king was buried in the church which he had built; his original tomb has been lost, while his alleged remains are preserved in the shrine where he was reburied after being declared a saint; his saintliness, however, was never very widely acknowledged outside the bishopric of Liège where he may still be venerated by tradition.1 In 936, Otto I was crowned king of the kingdom in the collegiate church built by Charlemagne. Over the next 500 years, most kings of Germany destined to reign over the Holy Roman Empire were crowned King of the Germans in Aachen. The last king to be crowned here was Ferdinand I in 1531.1 During the Middle Ages, Aachen remained a city of regional importance, due to its proximity to Flanders, achieving a modest position in the trade in woollen cloths, favoured by imperial privilege. The city remained a Free Imperial City, subject to the Emperor only, but was politically far too weak to influence the policies of any of its neighbors. The only dominion it held was that over the neighboring tiny territory of Burtscheid, which was ruled by a Benedictine abbess and forced to accept that all of its traffic must pass through the Aachener Reich. Even in the late 18th century, the Abbess of Burtscheid was prevented from building a road linking her territory to the neighbouring estates of the duke of Jülich; the city of Aachen even deployed its handful of soldiers to chase away the road-diggers. From the early 16th century, Aachen declined in importance. In 1656, a great fire devastated Aachen.3 It still remained a place of historical myth and became newly attractive as a spa by the middle of the 17th century, not so much because of the effects of its hot springs on the health of its visitors but since Aachen was then - and remained well into the 19th century - one of the centres of high-level prostitution in Europe. Traces of this hidden agenda of the city's history can be found in the 18th century guidebooks to Aachen as well as to other spas; the main indication for visiting patients, ironically, was syphilis; only by the end of the 19th century had rheuma become the most important object of cures at Aachen and Burtscheid. This explains why Aachen was chosen as site of several important congresses and peace treaties: the first congress of Aachen often referred to as Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in English in 1668, leading to the First Treaty of Aachen in the same year which ended the War of Devolution. The second congress ended with the second treaty in 1748, finishing the War of the Austrian Succession.1 The third congress took place in 1818 to decide the fate of occupied Napoleonic France. 18th century By the middle of the 18th century, industrialization had swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution were kept in place compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein until 1801, when Aachen became the chef-lieu du département de la Roer in Napoléon's First French Empire. In 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia took over and the city became one of its most socially and politically backward centres until the end of the 19th century.1 Administered within the Rhine Province, by 1880 the population was 80,000. Starting in 1840, the railway from Cologne to Belgium passed through Aachen. The city suffered extreme overcrowding and deplorable sanitary conditions up to 1875 when the mediæval fortifications were finally abandoned as a limit to building operations and new, less miserable quarters were built towards the eastern part of the city where drainage of waste liquids was easiest. In the 19th century and up to the 1930s, the city was important for the production of railway locomotives and carriages, iron, pins, needles, buttons, tobacco, woollen goods, and silk goods. 20th century Aachen was destroyed partially - and in some parts completely - during World War II,1 mostly by bombing in the latest phase of non-surrender, by American artillery fire and through deliberate destruction wrought by the SS division employed to keep Aachen out of allied hands as long as possible. Damaged buildings include the mediæval churches of St. Foillan, St. Paul and St. Nicholas, as well as the Rathaus city hall, although the Aachen Cathedral was largely unscathed. The city was liberated, with only 4000 inhabitants who had disobeyed Nazi evacuation orders, on October 21, 1944, the first German city to be free from Nazi rule. Its first Allied-appointed mayor, Franz Oppenhoff, was murdered by an SS commando unit. While the kings' palace no longer exists, the church built by Charlemagne is still the main attraction of the city 4. In addition to holding the remains of its founder, it became the burial place of his successor Otto III. The cathedral of Aachen has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is here that in 1944, just after having crossed the German border, Rabbi Sidney Lefkowitz, an American Army Chaplain, held the first Jewish service in Germany since the beginning of World War II. This service was broadcast live on NBC. Main sights Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. June 2007 Aachen city hall Aachen city hall Aachen Cathedral Aachen Cathedral Tree-lined boulevard in Aachen Tree-lined boulevard in Aachen German-Dutch-Belgian border as seen from the town area German-Dutch-Belgian border as seen from the town area The impressive Aachen Cathedral was erected on the orders of Charlemagne in 786 AD and was on completion the largest dome north of the Alps. On his death Charlemagne's remains were interred in the cathedral and can be seen there to this date. The cathedral was extended several times in later ages, turning it into a curious and unique mixture of building styles. The 14th century city hall lies between two central places, the Markt market place and the Katschhof between city hall and cathedral. The coronation hall is on the first floor of the building. Inside you can find five frescoes by the Aachen artist Alfre Rethel which show legendary scenes from the life of Charlemagne, as well as Charlemagne's signature. The Grashaus, a late medieval house at the Markt, is one of the oldest non-religious buildings in downtown Aachen. It hosts the city archive. The Grashaus was the former city hall before the present building took over this function. The Elisenbrunnen is one of the most famous sights of Aachen. It is a neoclassical hall covering one of the cities famous fountains. It is just a minute away from the cathedral. Just a few steps in southeastern direction lies the 19th century theatre. Also well known and well worth seeing are the two remaining city gates, the Ponttor, one half mile northwest of the cathedral, and the Kleinmarschiertor, close to the central railway station. There are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated in more recent buildings, some others visible. At Turmstraße and at Junkerstraße, there are even two towers left, both of which are used for housing. There are many other places and objects worth seeing, for example a notable number of churches and monasteries, a few remarkable 17th and 18th century buildings in the particular Baroque style typical of the region, a collection of statues and monuments, park areas, cemeteries, amongst others. The area's industrial history is reflected in dozens of 19th century and early 20th century manufacturing sites in the city. Economy Ford Research Center, Aachen. Ford Research Center, Aachen. Aachen has a large number of spin-offs from the university's IT-technology department and is a major centre of IT development in Germany. Due to the low level of investment in cross-border railway projects, the city has preserved a slot within the Thalys high-speed train network which uses existing tracks on its last 70 km from Belgium to Cologne. The airport that serves Aachen, Maastricht Aachen Airport, is located about 30 km away on Dutch territory, close to the town of Beek. Aachen was the administrative centre for the coal-mining industries in neighbouring places to the northeast; it never played any role in brown coal mining, however, neither in administrative or industrial terms. Products manufactured in or around Aachen include electronics, chemicals, plastics, textiles, glass, cosmetics, and needles and pins. Its most important source of revenue, the textile industries, have been dead for almost half a century now. Robert Browning's poem How they brought the good news from Ghent to Aix refers to Aachen, but not to any historical fact. Sport The annual CHIO short for the French Concours Hippique International Officiel is the biggest equestrian meeting of the world and among horsemen considered to be as prestigious for equitation as the tournament of Wimbledon for tennis. Aachen was also the host of the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games. The local football team Alemannia Aachen had a short spell in Germany's first division, after its promotion in 2006. However, the team could not sustain its status and is now back in the second division. Their stadium is called Tivoli. Awards Since 1950, a committee of Aachen citizens annually awards the Karlspreis German for 'Charlemagne Award' to personalities of outstanding service to the unification of Europe. The International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen was awarded in the year 2000 to the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, for his special personal contribution to cooperation with the states of Europe, for the preservation of peace, freedom, democracy and human rights in Europe, and for his support of the enlargement of the European Union. In 2003 the medal was awarded to Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. In 2004, Pope John Paul II's efforts to unite Europe were honoured with an 'Extraordinary Charlemagne Medal', which was awarded for the first time ever. Miscellaneous In 1372, Aachen became the first coin-minting city in the world to regularly place an Anno Domini date on a general circulation coin, a groschen. It is written MCCCLXXII. None with this date are known to be in existence any longer. The earliest date for which an Aachen coin is still extant is dated 1373. In the Carolus Thermen named for Charlemagne, the formal cascade gives the water sufficient chance to cool. In the Carolus Thermen named for Charlemagne, the formal cascade gives the water sufficient chance to cool. King Ethelwulf of Wessex, father of Alfred the Great was born in Aachen. Mies van der Rohe, one of founders of modern architecture and a member of the Bauhaus during its period in Dessau was born in Aachen as well. Aachen has the hottest springs of Central Europe with water temperatures of 74°C165°F. The water contains a considerable percentage of common salt and other sodium salts and sulphur. The local speciality of Aachen is an originally stonehard type of sweet bread, baked in large flat loaves, called Aachener Printen. Unlike gingerbread German: Lebkuchen, which is sweetened with honey, Printen are sweetened with sugar. Today, a soft version is sold under the same name which follows an entirely different recipe. Aachen is at the western end of the Benrath line that divides High German to the south from the rest of the West Germanic speech area to the north. Aachen Aix-la Chapelle features as the aim of three riders who succeed in saving the city from a terrible but unidentified fate in Robert Browning's poem How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix 1. Education The main building of the Aachen Technical University The main building of the Aachen Technical University Typical Aachen street with early 20th century Gründerzeit houses Typical Aachen street with early 20th century Gründerzeit houses RWTH Aachen, Aachen University of Technology, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is a centre of technological research of worldwide importance, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences and physics. The university clinics attached to the RWTH, the Klinikum Aachen, is the biggest single-building hospital in Europe. Over time, a host of software and computer industries have developed around the university. FH Aachen, Aachen University of Applied Sciences AcUAS was founded in 1971. The AcUAS not only offers the classical engineering education in professions like Mechatronics, Construction Engineering, Mechanical Engineering or Electrical Engineering, but in an intensive dialogue with commerce, politics and professional practice new and application-oriented programs have been and are continually developed, which exceed today's requirements by far. Internationality is also underlined by the range of academic courses on offer: German and international students are educated in more than 20 international or foreign-oriented programs and can acquire German as well as international degrees Bachelor/Master or Doppeldiplome double degrees. The fraction of foreign students meanwhile amounts to more than 21%. The German Army's Technical School Technische Schule des Heeres und Fachschule des Heeres für Technik is also situated in Aachen. Sister cities Flag of France Reims, France; since January 28, 1967. Flag of England Halifax, England; since November 14, 1979. Flag of Spain Toledo, Spain; since January 26, 1985. Flag of the People's Republic of China Ningbo, China; since October 25, 1986. Flag of Germany Naumburg, Germany; since May 30, 1988. Flag of the United States Arlington County, Virginia; since September 17, 1993. Flag of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa; since 1999. Flag of Russia Kostroma, Russia; since June 9, 2005. Flag of Israel Rosh HaAyin, Israel; since May 12, 2007. Name in different languages Aachen is known in different languages by different names see also Names of European cities in different languages. Language Name Pronunciation in IPA German Aachen ˈaË?χən Local dialect Oche ˈoË?xÉ™ Arabic, Persian آخن ˈʔɑË?χɪn Bulgarian Ð?ахен/Ð?хен ˈaxen Catalan Aquisgrà əkizˈɣɾa Chinese Simplified 亚ç?› iÉ‘ tÊ‚Ê°É™n PY: yà chÄ“n Chinese Traditional, Taiwan form 亞亨 iÉ‘ xɤŋ PY: yà hÄ“ng Chinese Traditional, HK form 亞ç?› É‘Ë? sÉ?m JP: aa3 sam1 Czech Cáchy ˈtÍ¡saË?xi Dutch Aken ˈaË?kÉ™n French Aix-la-Chapelle É›kslaʃaˈpÉ›l Georgian áƒ?áƒ?ხენი ˈaË?χeni Greek, Ancient ἈκυÎ?σγÏ?ανον akyË?ˈisÉ¡ranon Greek, Modern Άαχεν ˈaË?xen Hebrew ×?×?כן ˈʔaxÉ›n Italian Aquisgrana akwizˈgɾaË?na Japanese アーヘン ˈaË?hÉ›n Korean ì•„í—¨ ˈahen Latin AquÄ«sgrÄ?num ËŒakwiË?sˈgɾaË?num Latvian Ä€hene ˈaË?xÉ›nÉ› Lithuanian Achenas ˈaË?xÉ›nas Luxembourgish Oochen ˈoË?xÉ™n Polish Akwizgran akˈfizɡɾan Portuguese Aquisgrão, Aquisgrana ËŒakwiz'grÉ?̃ũ, ËŒakwizˈgrÉ?̃Ë?na Russian Ð?ахен/Ð?хен ˈaË‘xɪn Serbian Ahen/Ð?хен ˈaxÉ™n Spanish Aquisgrán akisˈɣɾan Thai à¸à¸²à¹€à¸„ิน ˈaË?kÊ°É™n Walloon Ã…xhe ˈɔË?hÉ› Yiddish ×?כען ˈaxÉ›n, ˈɔxn See also: Aachen dialect See also Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Aachen district List of mayors of Aachen Aachener Notes ^ a b c d e f g Bridgwater, W. Beatrice Aldrich. 1966 The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia. Columbia University. p11. ^ Pépin le Bref, Annales d'Éginhard ^ Aachen. 2006. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 9, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ^ Cathedral of Aachen This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 ion of The Grocer's Encyclopedia. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aachen City of Aachen partly available in English ASEAG public bus transport in German RWTH Aachen University of technical science, Aachen Fachhochschule Aachen Aachen University of Applied Sciences Google Earth placemark with official image overlays Panorama pictures of landmarks and places of interest Einhard's Annals: first mention of Aquis villa, 765 Aachen Zoo at Zoo-Infos.de in English Article on Aachen's historic buildings Map of the Aachen Area in 1789 v d e Flag of Holy Roman Empire Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle 1500-1806 of the Holy Roman Empire Ecclesiastical Cambrai · Corvey1 · Liège · Minden2 · Münster · Stavelot-Malmedy1 · Osnabrück · Paderborn · Utrecht until 1548 · Verden until 1648 Map indicating the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire Prelates Corvey2 · Essen · Herford · Kornelimünster · Stavelot-Malmedy2 · Thorn · Werden Secular Cleves with Mark · East Frisia1 · Jülich-Berg · Guelders until 1548 · Minden1 · Moers1 · Nassau-Dillenburg1 · Verden1 Counts Lords from 1500 Bentheim · Bronkhorst until 1719 · Diepholz · East Frisia until 1667 · Horne3 until 1614 · Hoya · Lingen3 · Lippe · Manderscheid until 1546 · Moers until 1541 · Nassau-Dillenburg until 1664 · Oldenburg until 1777 · Pyrmont · Ravensberg3 · Reichenstein · Rietberg · Salm-Reifferscheid · Sayn · Schaumburg · Tecklenburg · Virneburg · Wied · Winneburg and Beilstein · Zimerauff from 1792 Anholt · Blankenheim and Gerolstein · Gemen · Gimborn · Gronsfeld · Hallermund · Holzapfel · Kerpen-Lommersum · Myllendonk · Reckheim · Schleiden · Wickrath · Wittem status uncertain Delmenhorst · Fagnolle · Nassau Diez · Hadamar · Schaumburg Hesse · Lippe · Spiegelberg · Steinfurt Cities Aachen · Cologne · Dortmund · Duisburg? · Herford? · Verden from 1648 · Warburg? 1 from 1792. 2 until 1792. 3 without Reichstag seat. ? status uncertain. v d e Urban and rural districts in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany Flag of Germany Urban districts Aachen · Bielefeld · Bochum · Bonn · Bottrop · Dortmund · Duisburg · Düsseldorf · Essen · Gelsenkirchen · Hagen · Hamm · Herne · Köln Cologne · Krefeld · Leverkusen · Mönchengladbach · Mülheim · Münster · Oberhausen · Remscheid · Solingen · Wuppertal Rural Districts Aachen · Borken · Coesfeld · Düren · Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis · Euskirchen · Gütersloh · Heinsberg · Herford · Hochsauerland · Höxter · Kleve Cleves · Lippe · Märkischer Kreis · Mettmann · Minden-Lübbecke · Oberbergischer Kreis · Olpe · Paderborn · Recklinghausen · Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis · Rhein-Erft-Kreis · Rhein-Kreis Neuss · Rhein-Sieg-Kreis · Siegen-Wittgenstein · Soest · Steinfurt · Unna · Viersen · Warendorf · Wesel Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Aachen Categories: Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia | Former countries in Europe | States of the Holy Roman Empire | City-states | Imperial free cities | Former republics | 1306 establishments | 1801 disestablishments | Aachen | Matter of France | Spa towns in GermanyHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since June 2007 | All articles to be expanded | Articles including recorded pronunciations German Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية AzÉ™rbaycan Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Gaeilge í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Volapük Walon ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 05:20
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