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16-September-2008 16:15:13 - Abortifacient An abortifacient is a substance that induces abortion. Abortifacients for animals that have mated undesirably are known as mismating shots. Common abortifacients are mifepristone and misoprostol. In addition, there are several herbal mixtures with abortifacient claims, however there is no available data on the efficacy of these plants in humans. Contents 1 Pharmaceutical abortifacients 2 Herbal abortifacients 3 Pre-implantation labeling controversy 4 History 5 References Pharmaceutical abortifacients Mifepristone, a progesterone receptor competitive antagonist, was first approved in 1988 under the trade name Mifegyne for medical termination of early pregnancy in conjunction with a prostaglandin analogue. Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, is marketed under the trade name Mifegyne in France and countries other than the U.S., and under the trade name Mifeprex in the U.S. Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 PGE1 analogue, was first approved in 1988 under the trade name Cytotec for reducing the risk of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Misoprostol is approved in France under the trade name GyMiso for use with mifepristone for medical abortion. Misoprostol is used off-label with mifepristone for medical abortion in the U.S. Misoprostol alone is sometimes used for self-induced abortion in Latin American countries where legal abortion is not available, and by some people in the United States who cannot afford a legal abortion.1 Herbal abortifacients Many herbs and plants sold over the counter today are claimed by herbalists to act as abortifacients if taken in certain doses or mixtures. Examples include brewer's yeast,2 vitamin C,3 wild carrot, black cohosh, slippery elm, pennyroyal, nutmeg, mugwort, papaya, vervain, common rue, and tansy. Typically, the labeling will contraindicate use by pregnant women, but will not contain an explanation for this warning. There is no available data on the efficacy of these plants in humans. Some animal studies have found some of them to be effective.45 The use of herbs to induce abortion should be avoided due to the risk of serious side effects. 6 Pre-implantation labeling controversy Main article: Beginning of pregnancy controversy Some substances might prevent implantation and thus destroy the blastocyst, although their known primary effect is to prevent fertilization. The existence of these post-fertilization mechanisms is debated.7 There is controversy as to whether pregnancy begins at the moment of fertilization, or at the moment the blastocyst implants in the uterine lining. American federal law and British law mark the beginning of pregnancy at implantation; thus, even if post-fertilization mechanisms were proven, these substances would still be labeled as contraceptives, rather than abortifacients. The following birth control methods have been proposed to sometimes prevent implantation of a blastocyst, although except as noted they primarily work by preventing fertilization: Hormonal contraceptives7 Some herbal contraceptives may work primarily by preventing implantation.8 Intrauterine device IUD9 Although not substances, and therefore not technically abortifacients, the following techniques have also been proposed to sometimes prevent implantation of a blastocyst: Fertility awareness methods - a philosophy professor has speculated that intercourse during the less-fertile times of the cycle might create embryos incapable of implanting due to aged gametes at the time of fertilization.10 The lactational amenorrhea method may cause a luteal phase defect LPD. LPD may interfere with the implantation of embryos.11 In vitro fertilisationcitation needed History The ancient Greek colony of Cyrene at one time had an economy based almost entirely on the production and export of silphium, a powerful abortifacient in the parsley family. Silphium figured so prominently in the wealth of Cyrene that the plant appeared on the obverse and reverse of coins minted there. Silphium, which was native only to that part of Libya, was overharvested by the Greeks and was effectively driven to extinction. The standard theory, however, has been challenged by a whole spectrum of alternatives from an extinction due to climate factors, to the so-coveted product being in fact a recipe made of a composite of herbs, attribution to a single species meant perhaps as a disinformation attempt. As Christianity and in particular the institution of the Catholic Church increasingly influenced European society, those who dispensed abortifacient herbs found themselves classified as witches and were often persecuted see witch-hunt. 12 References ^ John Leland: Abortion Might Outgrow Its Need for Roe v. Wade, The New York Times, October 2, 2005 ^ King's American Dispensatory of 1898 ^ A Woman's Book of Choices: Abortion, Menstrual Extraction, RU-486 by Rebecca Chalker and Carol Downer ^ Riddle, John M. 1992. Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ^ Riddle, John M. 1997. Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ^ Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. Conway and Slocumb. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1979 October v. 1, iss. 3, pp. 241-261 ^ a b Article Emergency Contraception's Mode of Action Clarified May 2005. Population Briefs 11 2. Population Council. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Crockett, Susan A.; Harrison, Donna; DeCook, Joe; Hersh, Camilla 1999. Hormone Contraceptives Controversies and Clarifications.. American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Alcorn, Randy 2004. Does the Birth Control Pill Cause Abortions? PDF. Eternal Perspective Ministries. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. ^ Sharma MM, Lal G, Jacob D 1976. Estrogenic and pregnancy interceptory effects of carrot daucus carota seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 14 4: 506-8. PMID 992821. ^ Stanford J, Mikolajczyk R 2002. Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: update and estimation of postfertilization effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 6: 1699-708. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.128091. PMID 12501086. , which cites: Smart Y, Fraser I, Clancy R, Roberts T, Cripps A 1982. Early pregnancy factor as a monitor for fertilization in women wearing intrauterine devices. Fertil Steril 37 2: 201-4. PMID 6174375. ^ Bovens, Luc 2006. The rhythm method and embryonic death PDF. J Med Ethics 32 6: 355-6. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013920. PMID 16731736. ^ DÃaz S, Cárdenas H, Brandeis A, Miranda P, Salvatierra A, Croxatto H 1992. Relative contributions of anovulation and luteal phase defect to the reduced pregnancy rate of breastfeeding women. Fertil Steril 58 3: 498-503. PMID 1521642. ^ Kramer, Heinrich, Sprenger, Jacob. 1487. Malleus Maleficarum. Montague Summers, Trans.. Retrieved June 3, 2006. v d e Birth control methods Comparison Comparison of birth control methods Behavioral Avoiding vaginal intercourse: Anal sex, Oral sex, Non-penetrative sex, Masturbation, Abstinence Including vaginal intercourse: Fertility awareness, Calendar-based methods rhythm, etc., Withdrawal, Breastfeeding infertility Barrier or spermicidal Condom, Female condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap incl. Lea's, Contraceptive sponge, Spermicide Hormonal Combined: Oral 'the Pill', Contraceptive patch, NuvaRing, Injectable Progestogen only: Oral 'minipill', Depo-Provera, Norplant/Jadelle, Implanon Anti-estrogen Ormeloxifene Centchroman Post-intercourse Emergency contraception pills or copper IUD Intra-uterine IUD copper or progestogen, IUS progestogen Abortion Surgical, Medical RU-486/abortion pill Sterilization Male: Vasectomy Female: Tubal ligation, Essure Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Abortifacient Categories: AbortifacientsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Deutsch SlovenÄ?ina This page was last modified on 28 July 2008, at 23:03
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