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16-September-2008 16:15:14 - Acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine Systematic IUPAC name 3-acetyloxy-4-trimethylammonio-butanoate Identifiers CAS number 3040-38-8 ATC code N06BX12 PubChem 1 Chemical data Formula C9H17NO4 Mol. mass 203.236 Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability ? Metabolism ? Half life ? Excretion ? Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. ? Legal status Routes ? Acetyl-L-carnitine or ALCAR, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. ALCAR has been claimed to be superior to normal L-carnitine in terms of bioavailability. However, at least one study has suggested that the acetylated form may have a lower oral bioavailability.1 Contents 1 Chemical Derivation 2 Health Claims 3 Food Sources 4 References 5 Other reviews Chemical Derivation Acetyl-L-Carnitine is L-Carnitine, acetylated. L-carnitine is derived from the lysine and methionine amino acids. Health Claims It is claimed that ALCAR provides several benefits. Advocates of acetyl-L-carnitine market it as a life extension supplement. There may be some benefit in cases of end stage renal disease or peripheral arterial disease.2 When supplemented alongside Lipoic acid, ALCAR appears to reverse some of the damage to mitochondria associated with aging.3 The percentage of L-carnitine that is absorbed when taken via oral supplementation is much lower than that from food sources. In one particular study, it was shown that approximately 20% of orally supplemented L-carnitine is absorbed, with a bioavailability of roughly 15%, as compared to a bioavailability of between 60% and 75% when absorbed from food.4 Choline supplementation may lead to increased L-carnitine retention.4 ALCAR supplementation has been shown to be neuroprotective in instances of cerebral ischemia,5 peripheral nerve injury,6 and to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in animals.7 ALCAR supplementation has also been shown to reverse syptoms associated with mental decline in the elderly.8 ALCAR is being researched in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.9 Food Sources Animal brain10 References ^ Eder, K.; et Al. 2005. Free and total carnitine concentrations in pig plasma after oral ingestion of various L-carnitine compounds. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 75 1: 3-9. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ Brass, Eric P.; William R. Hiatt 1998. The Role of Carnitine and Carnitine Supplementation During Exercise in Man and in Individuals with Special Needs. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17 3: 207-215. PMID 9627906. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ Ames, B. N.; J. Liu 2005. Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1033 1: 108-16. PMID 15591008. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ a b L-Carnitine. PRD Health. Thompson Healthcare. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. ^ Zanelli, Santina A.; Nina J. Solenski, Robert E. Rosenthal, and Gart Fiskum 2005. Mechanisms of ischemic neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1053: 153-161. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. ^ Wilsona, Andrew; Andrew Harta, Thomas Brännströmf, Mikael Wiberga, and Giorgio Terenghi 2007. Delayed acetyl-l-carnitine administration and its effect on sensory neuronal rescue after peripheral nerve injurystar, open. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60 2. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. ^ Beal, Flint 2003. Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 53 S3: S39-S48. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. ^ Salvioli, G; Neri, M 1994. L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly. Drugs Exp Clin Res 20 4: 169-76. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. ^ Hafiz, Mohmmad Abdul; Vittorio Calabrese, Menotti Calvani, and D. Allan Butterfield 2006. Acetyl-L-carnitine-induced up-regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 84 2: 398-408. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. ^ Acetyl L Carnitine by Designs For Health DFH Other reviews Jane Higdon, L-Carnitine, Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute Carnitine L-carnitine, University of Maryland Medical Center v d e Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics N06B Centrally acting sympathomimetics Amphetamine - Amphetaminil - Atomoxetine - Dextroamphetamine - Dextromethamphetamine - Fencamfamin - Fenozolone - Fenetylline - Methylphenidate - Mesocarb - Pemoline - Pipradrol - Prolintane Xanthine derivatives Caffeine - Propentofylline Glutamate receptor Racetams Aniracetam - Nefiracetam - Oxiracetam - Phenylpiracetam - Piracetam - Pramiracetam Ampakines CX-516 - CX-546 - CX-614 - CX-691 - CX-717 - IDRA-21 - LY-503,430 - PEPA Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds Adrafinil - Armodafinil - Modafinil Histamine H3 receptor antagonists ABT-239 - Ciproxifan Other psychostimulants and nootropics Acetylcarnitine - Citicoline - Cyprodenate - Idebenone - Ispronicline - Deanol - Dimebon - Fipexide - Linopirdine - Meclofenoxate - Nizofenone - Pirisudanol - Pyritinol - Sulbutiamine - Taltirelin - Tricyanoaminopropene - Vinpocetine Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Acetylcarnitine Categories: Dietary supplements | Quaternary ammonium compounds Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Português This page was last modified on 23 July 2008, at 15:44
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