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16-September-2008 16:15:15 - Anterior pituitary Redirected from Adenohypophysis Anterior pituitary Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. Latin lobus anterior hypophyseos Gray's subject #275 1275 Precursor oral mucosa Rathke's pouch MeSH Anterior+Pituitary+Gland Dorlands/Elsevier a_14/12111161 The anterior pituitary also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, gland; hypo, under; physis, growth; hence, glandular undergrowth comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Unlike the posterior lobe, the anterior lobe is genuinely glandular, hence the root adeno in its name. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary produces and secretes several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Contents 1 Regions 2 Embryology 3 Major hormones secreted 4 Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting factors 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 External links Regions The term pars distalis is sometimes used as a synonym for the anterior pituitary, but this is not quite correct. The anterior pituitary is usually divided into three regions: pars distalis distal part - the majority of the anterior pituitary pars tuberalis tubular part - a sheath extending up from the pars distalis and wrapping around the pituitary stalk pars intermedia intermediate part - sits between the bulk of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary and is often very small in humans The function of the tuberalis is not well characterized, and most of the rest of this article refers primarily to the distalis. Embryology Unlike the posterior pituitary pars nervosa, which originates from neural ectoderm, the anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms the Rathke's pouch. This differentiation is exhibited by the fact that while the posterior pituitary merely secretes hormones produced in the hypothalamus ADH and oxytocin, the anterior pituitary actually produces its hormones, while being under control of the hypothalamus. Major hormones secreted Hormone Other names Symbols Secretory cells staining type Target Effect Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin ACTH Corticotrophs basophil Adrenal gland Secretion of glucocorticoids Endorphins - - - Opioid receptor Inhibit perception of pain Follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH Gonadotrophs basophil Gonads Growth of reproductive system Human growth hormone Somatotropin hGH, STH Somatotrophs acidophil Liver, adipose tissue Promotes growth; lipid carbohydrate metabolism Luteinizing hormone Lutropin LH, ICSH Gonadotrophs basophil Gonads Sex hormone production Prolactin - PRL Lactotrophs, also known as Mammotrophs acidophil Ovaries, mammary glands Secretion of estrogens/progesterone; milk production Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyrotropin TSH Thyrotrophs basophil Thyroid gland Secretion of thyroid hormones One mnemonic used to remember the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary is: FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins and GH. Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting factors Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence, at the base of the brain. At this site, these neurons can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vessels. Name Other Names Abbreviations Location Function Corticotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing factor, Corticoliberin CRH, CRF parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus with vasopressin, stimulates secretion of ACTH Dopamine Prolactin-inhibiting hormone DA, PIH neuroendocrine neurons of the arcuate nucleus inhibits secretion of prolactin Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Luteinising-hormone releasing hormone GnRH, LHRH neuroendocrine neurons in the medial preoptic and arcuate nuclei stimulates secretion of LH and FSH Growth hormone-releasing hormone Growth-hormone-releasing factor, somatocrinin GHRH, GHRF, GRF arcuate nucleus neuroendocrine neurons stimulates secretion of growth hormone Somatostatin Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, Somatotropin release-inhibiting factor SS, GHIH, SRIF neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus inhibits secretion of growth hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Thyrotropin-releasing factor, Thyroliberin, Protirelin TRH, TRF parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the paraventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei stimulates secretion of TSH Vasopressin Arginine vasopressin, Antidiuretic hormone, Argipressin AVP, ADH parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus with Corticotropin-releasing hormone, stimulates secretion of ACTH Additional images The anterior pituitary is the anterior, glandular lobe of the pituitary gland. See also Tropic hormones Pituitary adenoma Triple bolus test External links Histology at BU 14002loa Embryology at unc.edu v d e Endocrine system Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Pars nervosa - Median eminence - Infundibular stalk Anterior pituitary Pars intermedia - Pars tuberalis - Pars distalis - Acidophils Somatotropes, Lactotropes - Basophils Corticotropes, Gonadotropes, Thyrotropes v d e Brain: diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal body Habenula Habenular nuclei Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Thalamus/nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL Lateral Pulvinar Metathalamus MG, LG midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract Thalamic fasciculus Lenticular fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Hypothalamus autonomic zones: Anterior parasympathetic/heat loss Posterior sympathetic/heat conservation endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate dopamine/GHRH Preoptic GnRH Suprachiasmatic melatonin emotion: Lateral hunger Ventromedial satiety Dorsomedial rage surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary Categories: Endocrine system | Head and neck Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Português Shqip Suomi This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 20:00
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