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16-September-2008 16:15:15 - diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Identifiers CAS number 58-64-0 PubChem 197 SMILES Nc1ncnc2ncnc12C@@H3OC@H COPO-=OOPOO-=OCOC3O Properties Molecular formula C10H15N5O10P2 Molar mass 427.201 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells. ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1, leading to further platelet activation.1 ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors. The anti-platelet drug Plavix clopidogrel inhibits the P2Y12 receptor. ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.2 The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life.3 The deletion of one of ATP's phosphorous bonds generates about the same amount of energy derived from human digestion of a single peanut, approximately 7.3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP.4 ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.5 Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP.6 Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.7 See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Adenosine triphosphate Apyrase References ^ Murugappa S, Kunapuli SP, The role of ADP receptors in platelet function, Front Biosci., 2006, 11:1977-86 ^ Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics serial on the Internet. 2005 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html ^ Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics serial on the Internet. 2005 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html ^ Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy serial on the Internet. 2002 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html ^ Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics serial on the Internet. 2005 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html ^ Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy serial on the Internet. 2002 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html ^ Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics serial on the Internet. 2005 cited 2007 December 7. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html External links v d e Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Nucleobases Purine Adenine, Guanine | Pyrimidine Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine Nucleosides/ NB+pentose Ribonucleosides Adenosine | Guanosine | Uridine | Cytidine Deoxyribonucleosides Deoxyadenosine | Deoxyguanosine | Thymidine | Deoxyuridine | Deoxycytidine Nucleotides/ NS+phosphate Ribonucleotide monophosphates AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP | diphosphates ADP, GDP, UDP, CDP | triphosphates ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP Deoxyribonucleotides monophosphates dAMP, dGMP, dUMP, TMP, dCMP | diphosphates dADP, dGDP, TDP, dCDP | triphosphates dATP, dGTP, TTP, dCTP Cyclic cAMP, cGMP, c-di-GMP, cADPR Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles This biochemistry article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate Categories: Nucleotides | Cellular respiration | Biochemistry stubs Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Occitan Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 07:19
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