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16-September-2008 16:15:15 - Adjective Examples That is a big building. I met a very old man. The quick, brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Most monkeys are arboreal creatures that inhabit tropical or subtropical areas. That's a very nice dress you are wearing. Look up adjective in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent. Some examples can be seen in the box to the right. Collectively, adjectives form one of the traditional eight parts of speech, though linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that also used to be considered adjectives. Not all languages have adjectives, but most, including English, do. English adjectives include big, old, and tired, among many others. Those that do not typically use words of another part of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; for example, such a language might have a verb that means to be big, and would use a construction analogous to big-being house to express what English expresses as big house. Even in languages that do have adjectives, one language's adjective might not be another's; for example, where English has to be hungry hungry being an adjective, French has avoir faim literally to have hunger, and where Hebrew has the adjective זקוק zaqÅ«q, roughly in need of, English uses the verb to need. In most languages with adjectives, they form an open class of words; that is, it is relatively common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation. Contents 1 Adjectives and adverbs 2 Determiners 3 Attributive, predicative, absolute, and substantive adjectives 4 Adjectival phrases 5 Other noun modifiers 6 Adjective order 7 Comparison of adjectives 8 Restrictiveness 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 External links Adjectives and adverbs Many languages, including English, distinguish between adjectives, which modify nouns and pronouns, and adverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Not all languages have exactly this distinction, however, and in many languages including English there are words that can function as both. For example, English fast is an adjective in a fast car where it modifies the noun car, but an adverb in he drove fast where it modifies the verb drove. Determiners Main article: Determiner class Linguists today distinguish determiners from adjectives, considering them to be two separate parts of speech or lexical categories, but traditionally, determiners were considered adjectives in some of their uses. In English dictionaries, which typically still do not treat determiners as their own part of speech, determiners are often recognizable by being listed both as adjectives and as pronouns. Determiners are words that express the reference of a noun in the context, generally indicating definiteness as in a vs. the, quantity as in one vs. some vs. many, or another such property. Attributive, predicative, absolute, and substantive adjectives A given occurrence of an adjective can generally be classified into one of four kinds of uses: Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify; for example, happy is an attributive adjective in happy kids. In some languages, attributive adjectives precede their nouns; in others, they follow their nouns; and in yet others, it depends on the adjective, or on the exact relationship of the adjective to the noun. In English, attributive adjectives usually precede their nouns in simple phrases, but often follow their nouns when the adjective is modified or qualified by a phrase acting as an adverb. For example: I saw three happy kids, and I saw three kids happy enough to jump up and down with glee. Predicative adjectives are linked via a copula or other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun they modify; for example, happy is a predicate adjective in they are happy and in that made me happy. See also: Predicative adjectival or nominal, Subject complement. Absolute adjectives do not belong to a larger construction aside from a larger adjective phrase, and typically modify either the subject of a sentence or whatever noun or pronoun they are closest to; for example, happy is an absolute adjective in The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going. Substantive adjectives act almost as nouns. One way this can happen is if a noun is elided and an attributive adjective is left behind. In the sentence, I read two books to them; he preferred the sad book, but she preferred the happy, happy is a substantive adjective, short for happy one or happy book. Another way this can happen is in phrases like out with the old, in with the new, where the old means, that which is old or all that is old, and similarly with the new. In such cases, the adjective functions either as a mass noun as in the preceding example or as a plural count noun, as in The meek shall inherit the Earth, where the meek means those who are meek or all who are meek. Adjectival phrases Main article: Adjectival phrase An adjective acts as the head of an adjectival phrase. In the simplest case, an adjectival phrase consists solely of the adjective; more complex adjectival phrases may contain one or more adverbs modifying the adjective very strong, or one or more complements worth several dollars, full of toys, eager to please. In English, attributive adjectival phrases that include complements typically follow their subject an evildoer devoid of redeeming qualities. Other noun modifiers In many languages, including English, it is possible for nouns to modify other nouns. Unlike adjectives, nouns acting as modifiers called attributive nouns or noun adjuncts are not predicative; a red car is red, but a car park is not car. In English, the modifier often indicates origin Virginia reel, purpose work clothes, or semantic patient man eater. However, it can generally indicate almost any semantic relationship. It is also common for adjectives to be derived from nouns, as in English boyish, birdlike, behavioral, famous, manly, angelic, and so on. Many languages have special verbal forms called participles that can act as noun modifiers. In some languages, including English, there is a strong tendency for participles to evolve into adjectives. English examples of this include relieved the past participle of the verb relieve, used as an adjective in sentences such as I am so relieved to see you, spoken as in the spoken word, and going the present participle of the verb go, used as an adjective in sentences such as Ten dollars per hour is the going rate. Other constructs that often modify nouns include prepositional phrases as in English a rebel without a cause, relative clauses as in English the man who wasn't there, other adjective clauses as in English the bookstore where he worked, and infinitive phrases as in English pizza to die for. In relation, many nouns take complements such as content clauses as in English the idea that I would do that; these are not commonly considered modifiers, however. Adjective order In many languages, attributive adjectives usually occur in a specific order; for example, in English, adjectives pertaining to size generally precede adjectives pertaining to age little old, not old little, which in turn generally precede adjectives pertaining to colour old green, not green old. This order may be more rigid in some languages than others; in some, it may only be a default unmarked word order, with other orders being permissible to shift the emphasis. Comparison of adjectives Main articles: Comparison grammar and Comparative In many languages, adjectives can be compared. In English, for example, we can say that a car is big, that it is bigger than another is, or that it is the biggest car of all. Not all adjectives lend themselves to comparison, however; for example, the English adjective extinct is not considered comparable, in that it does not make sense to describe one thing as more extinct than another. Comparable adjectives are also known as gradable adjectives. Among languages that allow adjectives to be compared in this way, different approaches are used. Indeed, even within English, two different approaches are used: the suffixes -er and -est, and the words more and most. In English, the general tendency is for shorter adjectives and adjectives from Anglo-Saxon to use -er and -est, and for longer adjectives and adjectives from French, Latin, Greek, and other languages to use more and most. By either approach, English adjectives therefore have positive forms big, comparative forms bigger, and superlative forms biggest; many languages do not distinguish comparative from superlative forms, however. Restrictiveness Main article: Restrictiveness Attributive adjectives, and other noun modifiers, may be used either restrictively helping to identify the noun's referent, hence restricting its reference, or non-restrictively helping to describe an already-identified noun. In some languages, such as Spanish, restrictiveness is consistently marked; for example, Spanish la tarea difÃcil means the difficult task in the sense of the task that is difficult restrictive, while la difÃcil tarea means the difficult task in the sense of the task, which is difficult non-restrictive. In English, restrictiveness is not marked on adjectives, but is marked on relative clauses the difference between the man who recognized me was there and the man, who recognized me, was there being one of restrictiveness. See also Look up predicative adjective in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proper adjective List of non-standard English adjectives List of eponymous adjectives in English Post-positive adjective Flat adverb Bibliography Dixon, R. M. W. 1977. Where have all the adjectives gone? Studies in Language, 1, 19-80. Dixon, R. M. W. 1994. Adjectives. In R. E. Asher Ed., The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics pp. 29-35. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4. Republished as Dixon 1999. Dixon, R. M. W. 1999. Adjectives. In K. Brown T. Miller Eds., Concise encyclopedia of grammatical categories pp. 1-8. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-043164-X. Warren, Beatrice. 1984. Classifying adjectives. Gothenburg studies in English No. 56. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ISBN 91-7346-133-4. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1986. What's in a noun? or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives?. Studies in Language, 10, 353-389. External links Adjective order in English Adjectives and Adverbs Adjective article on HyperGrammar Pratheep Raveendrabathan - List of Adjectives Learn English - Categorized Adjective Listings Gallaudet Writer's Handbook - Adjective Order Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Adjective Categories: Parts of speech Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Bosanski Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Чăвашла ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Gà idhlig Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Walon ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 August 2008, at 23:17
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