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16-September-2008 16:15:16 - Affect psychology Redirected from Affective It has been suggested that Affect display be merged into this article or section. Discuss It has been suggested that Affect philosophy be merged into this article or section. Discuss Look up Affect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Affect, like the adjective affective, refers to the experience of feeling or emotion.1 Affect is a key part of the process of an organism's interaction with stimuli. The word also refers sometimes to affect display, which is a facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of affect. APA 2006 The affective domain represents one of the three classical divisions of psychology: the cognitive, the conative, and the affective. One current psychological theory, the lateralization of brain function, holds that one half of the brain deals mainly with the affective or emotional, while the other half deals mainly with the cognitive or rational. In certain views, the conative may be considered as a part of the affective,2 or the affective as a part of the cognitive.3. This article discusses theoretical perspectives, history and psychological meanings of the term, as well as distinctions between mood and emotion. Contents 1 Theoretical perspective 2 History 3 Non-conscious affect and perception 4 Arousal 5 Affect and mood 6 Social interaction 7 Meanings in art 8 References 9 Footnotes 10 External links 11 See also Theoretical perspective The term affect can be taken to indicate an instinctual reaction to stimulation occurring before the typical cognitive processes considered necessary for the formation of a more complex emotion. Robert B. Zajonc asserts this reaction to stimuli is primary for human beings, and that it is the dominant reaction for lower organisms. Zajonc suggests affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding, and can be made much sooner and with greater confidence than cognitive judgments Zajonc, 1980. Many theorists e.g., Lazarus, 1982 consider affect to be post-cognitive. That is, affect is thought to be elicited only after a certain amount of cognitive processing of information has been accomplished. In this view, an affective reaction, such as liking, disliking, evaluation, or the experience of pleasure or displeasure, is based on a prior cognitive process in which a variety of content discriminations are made and features are identified, examined for their value, and weighted for their contributions Brewin, 1989. A divergence from a narrow reinforcement model for emotion allows for other perspectives on how affect influences emotional development. Thus, temperament, cognitive development, socialization patterns, and the idiosyncrasies of one's family or subculture are mutually interactive in non-linear ways. As an example, the temperament of a highly reactive/low self-soothing infant may disproportionately affect the process of emotion regulation in the early months of life Griffiths, 1997. In the last decade Italic text, the concept has been adopted in some other disciplines in the social sciences such as Geography and Anthropology. Building largely on the work of Deleuze, the focus on affect has brought emotional and visceral concerns into conventional discourses of geopolitics, urban life and material culture for example. Affect has also challenged methodologies of the social sciences, emphasizing somatic power over the idea of a removed objectivity, and therefore has strong ties with the contemporary non-representational theory. History A number of experiments have been conducted in the study of social and psychological affective preferences i.e., what people like or dislike. Specific research has been done on preferences, attitudes, impression formation, and decision making. This research contrasts findings with recognition memory old-new judgments, allowing researchers to demonstrate reliable distinctions between the two. Affect-based judgments and cognitive processes have been examined with noted differences indicated, and some argue affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can influence each other in a variety of ways Zajonc, 1980. Both affect and cognition may constitute independent sources of effects within systems of information processing. Others suggest emotion is a result of an anticipated, experienced, or imagined outcome of an adaptational transaction between organism and environment, therefore cognitive appraisal processes are keys to the development and expression of an emotion Lazarus, 1982. Non-conscious affect and perception In relation to perception, a type of non-conscious affect may be separate from the cognitive processing of environmental stimuli. A monohierarchy of perception, affect and cognition considers the roles of arousal, attentional tendencies, affective primacy Zajonc, 1980, evolutionary constraints Shepard, 1984; 1994, and covert perception Weiskrantz, 1997 within the sensing and processing of preferences and discriminations. Emotions are complex chains of events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to completely describe an emotion by knowing only some of its components. Verbal reports of feelings are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel, or they may feel several different emotions at the same time. There are also situations that arise in which individuals attempt to hide their feelings, and there are some who believe that public and private events seldom coincide exactly, and that words for feelings are generally more ambiguous than are words for objects or events. Affective responses, on the other hand, are more basic and may be less problematical in terms of assessment. Brewin has proposed two experiential processes that frame non-cognitive relations between various affective experiences. Those that are prewired dispositions i.e.. non-conscious processes, able to select from the total stimulus array those stimuli that are causally relevant, using such criteria as perceptual salience, spatiotemporal cues, and predictive value in relation to data stored in memory Brewin, 1989, p.381, and those that are automatic i.e.. subconscious processes, characterized as rapid, relatively inflexible and difficult to modify...requiring minimal attention to occur and...capable of being activated without intention or awareness 1989 p.381. Arousal Arousal is a basic physiological response to the presentation of stimuli. When this occurs, a non-conscious affective process takes the form of two control mechanisms; one mobilization, and the other immobilizing. Within the human brain, the amygdala regulates an instinctual reaction initiating this arousal process, either freezing the individual or accelerating mobilization. The arousal response is illustrated in studies focused on reward systems that control food-seeking behavior Balliene, 2005. Researchers focused on learning processes and modulatory processes that are present while encoding and retrieving goal values. When an organism seeks food, the anticipation of reward based on environmental events becomes another influence on food seeking that is separate from the reward of food itself. Therefore, earning the reward and anticipating the reward are separate processes and both create an excitatory influence of reward-related cues. Both processes are dissociated at the level of the amygdala and are functionally integrated within larger neural systems. Affect and mood Mood, like emotion, is an affective state. However, an emotion tends to have a clear focus i.e., its cause is self-evident, while mood tends to be more unfocused and diffused. Mood, according to Batson, Shaw, and Oleson 1992, involves tone and intensity and a structured set of beliefs about general expectations of a future experience of pleasure or pain, or of positive or negative affect in the future. Unlike instant reactions that produce affect or emotion, and that change with expectations of future pleasure or pain, moods, being diffused and unfocused, and thus harder to cope with, can last for days, weeks, months, or even years Schucman, 1975. Moods are hypothetical constructs depicting an individual's emotional state. Researchers typically infer the existence of moods from a variety of behavioral referents Blechman, 1990. Positive affect and negative affect represent independent domains of emotion in the general population, and positive affect is strongly linked to social interaction. Positive and negative daily events show independent relationships to subjective well-being, and positive affect is strongly linked to social activity. Recent research suggests that high functional support is related to higher levels of positive affect. The exact process through which social support is linked to positive affect remains unclear. The process could derive from predictable, regularized social interaction, from leisure activities where the focus is on relaxation and positive mood, or from the enjoyment of shared activities. Social interaction Affect, emotion, or feeling is displayed to others through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture, voice characteristics, and other physical manifestation. These affect displays vary between and within cultures and are displayed in various forms ranging from the most discrete of facial expressions to the most dramatic and prolific gestures Batson 1992. Affect display is a critical facet of interpersonal communication. Evolutionary psychologists have advanced the hypothesis that hominids have evolved with sophisticated capability of reading affect displays and detecting deception.citation needed Meanings in art The difference between the externally observable affect and the internal mood has been implicitly accepted in art and indeed, within language itself. The word giddy, for example, carries within it the connotation that the characterized individual may be displaying a happiness that the speaker/observer believes either insincere or short-living.citation needed References APA 2006. VandenBos, Gary R., ed. APA Dictionary of Psychology Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, page 26. Balliene, B. W. 2005. Dietary Influences on Obesity: Environment, Behavior and Biology. Physiology Behavior, 86 5, pp. 717-730 Batson, C.D., Shaw, L. L., Oleson, K. C. 1992. Differentiating Affect, Mood and Emotion: Toward Functionally-based Conceptual Distinctions. Emotion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Blechman, E. A. 1990. Moods, Affect, and Emotions. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ Brewin, C. R. 1989. Cognitive Change Processes in Psychotherapy. Psychological Review, 9645, pp. 379-394 Griffiths, P. E. 1997. What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago Lazarus, R. S. 1982. Thoughts on the Relations between Emotions and Cognition. American Physiologist, 3710, pp. 1019-1024 Nathanson, Donald L. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. London: W.W. Norton, 1992 Schucman, H., Thetford, C. 1975. A Course in Miracle. New York: Viking Penguin Shepard, R. N. 1984. Ecological Constraints on Internal Representation. Psychological Review, 91, pp. 417-447 Shepard, R. N. 1994. Perceptual-cognitive Universals as Reflections of the World. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 1, pp. 2-28. Tolle, E. 1999. The Power of Now. Vancouver: Namaste Publishing. Tolle, E. 2003. Stillness Speaks. Vancouver: Namaste Publishing Weiskrantz, L. 1997. Consciousness Lost and Found. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Zajonc, R. B. 1980. Feelings and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 352, pp. 151-175 Footnotes ^ See The Affective System: a webpage by Dr. William Huitt. ^ See Affective science: affective determinants include motives, attitudes, moods, and emotions. ^ See Cognition in mainstream psychology External links Personality and the Structure of Affective Responses 1 A journal for alternative geographical and social analysis relating to Affect 2 See also Affect theory Affective science Affective neuroscience Affective spectrum Emotion Feeling Silvan Tomkins Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Affect_psychology Categories: FeelingHidden categories: Articles to be merged since March 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since October 2007 | Articles with statements since September 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans БългарÑ?ки Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Français Lietuvių Nederlands Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 25 July 2008, at 14:25
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