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16-September-2008 16:15:16 - neuroscience This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. September 2007 Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. Contents 1 Brain areas related to emotion 2 Relationship to cognitive neuroscience 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading Brain areas related to emotion Emotions are thought to be related to activity in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca 1878, Papez 1937, and MacLean 1952 suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others, while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance. The following brain structures are currently thought to be most involved in emotion: Amygdala - The amygdalae are two small, round structures located anterior to the hippocampi near the temporal poles. The amygdalae are involved in detecting and learning what parts of our surroundings are important and have emotional significance. They are critical for the production of emotion, and may be particularly so for negative emotions, especially fear. Prefrontal cortex - The term prefrontal cortex refers to the very front of the brain, behind the forehead and above the eyes. It appears to play a critical role in the regulation of emotion and behavior by anticipating the consequences of our actions. The prefrontal cortex may play an important role in delayed gratification by maintaining emotions over time and organizing behavior toward specific goals. Anterior cingulate - The anterior cingulate cortex ACC is located in the middle of the brain, just behind the prefrontal cortex. The ACC is thought to play a central role in attention, and may be particularly important with regard to conscious, subjective emotional awareness. This region of the brain may also play an important role in the initiation of motivated behavior. Ventral striatum - The ventral striatum is a group of subcortical structures thought to play an important role in emotion and behavior. One part of the ventral striatum called the nucleus accumbens is thought to be involved in the experience of goal-directed positive emotion. Individuals with addictions experience increased activity in this area when they encounter the object of their addiction. Insula - The insular cortex is thought to play a critical role in the bodily experience of emotion, as it is connected to other brain structures that regulate the body's autonomic functions heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc.. This region also processes taste information and is thought to play an important role in experiencing the emotion of disgust. Relationship to cognitive neuroscience In its broadest sense, cognition refers to all mental processes. However, the study of cognition has historically excluded emotion and focused on non-emotional processes e.g. memory, attention, perception, action, problem solving and mental imagery. As a result, the study of the neural basis of non-emotional and emotional processes emerged as two separate fields: cognitive neuroscience and affective neuroscience. The distinction between non-emotional and emotional processes is now thought to be largely artificial, as the two types of processes often involve overlapping neural and mental mechanisms. Thus, when cognition is taken at its broadest definition, affective neuroscience could also be called the cognitive neuroscience of emotion. See also Affective science Affective spectrum Bipolar disorder Cognitive neuroscience Emotion Emotion and memory Emotional Stroop test Evolutionary neuroscience Mirror neuron Mood Neuropsychiatry Personality Psychophysiology Quantum mind Schizoaffective disorder Social neuroscience Footnotes References Broca, P. 1878 Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique. Rev. Anthropol. 1:385-498. Dalgleish T. 2004 The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5:583-9. PMID 15208700 Damasio AR. 1996 The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 3511346:1413-20. PMID 8941953 Davidson, RJ Sutton, SK 1995 Affective neuroscience: The emergence of a discipline. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5:217-224. PMID 7620310 Davidson, RJ, Irwin, W. 1999 The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends in Cognitive Science 3:11-21. PMID 10234222 Davidson, RJ 2000 Cognitive neuroscience needs affective neuroscience and vice versa. Brain Cognition 42:89-92. PMID 10739607 Davidson, RJ 2001 Toward a biology of personality and emotion. Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences 935:191-207. PMID 11411166 Panksepp, J 1992 A critical role for 'affective neuroscience' in resolving what is basic about basic emotions. Psychol Rev. 993:554-60. PMID 1502276 Ledoux, JE 1995 Emotion: clues from the brain. Annu Rev Psychol. 46:209-35. PMID 7872730 Maclean, PD. 1952 Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system visceral brain. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 44:407-18. PMID 12998590 Papez JW. 1937 A proposed mechanism of emotion. 1937. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 71:103-12. PMID 7711480 Further reading Panksepp J. 1998 Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. ISBN 0-19-509673-8. Lane RD, Nadel L. 2000 Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. ISBN 0-19-515592-0. Brain and Cognition, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 1-133 June, 2003. Special Issue on Affective Neuroscience. ISSN: 0278-2626 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience Categories: Neuroscience | NeuropsychologyHidden categories: Articles with statements since September 2007 | All articles with statements Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 30 November 2007, at 02:50
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