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16-September-2008 16:15:16 - Affix Look up affix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Contents 1 Positional categories of affixes 2 Lexical affixes 3 See also 4 Bibliography 5 External links Positional categories of affixes Affixes are divided into several categories, depending on their position with reference to the stem. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms. Infix and circumfix are less so, as they are not important in European languages. The other terms are uncommon. Categories of affixes Affix Example Schema Description Prefix undo prefix-stem Appears at the front of a stem Suffix/Postfix looking stem-suffix Appears at the back of a stem Infix saxomaphone stinfixem Appears within a stem - common in Borneo-Philippines languages Circumfix ascattered circumfixstemcircumfix One portion appears at the front of a stem, and the other at the rear Interfix speedometer stema-interfix-stemb Links two stems together in a compound Duplifix teeny-weeny stem~duplifix Incorporates a reduplicated portion of a stem may occur in front, at the rear, or within the stem Transfix Maltese: kiteb he wrote compare root ktb write stransfixtetransfixm A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem Simulfix mouse → mice Changes a segment of a stem Suprafix produce noun produce verb Changes a suprasegmental phoneme of a stem Disfix Alabama: tipli break up compare root tipasli break stm The elision of a portion of a stem Prefix and suffix may be combined as adfix, a term that is rarely used except in contrast with infix. In transcription, for example in the third column in the chart above, simple affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are shown connected to the stem with hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets. Reduplication is often shown with a tilde. Lexical affixes Lexical affixes or semantic affixes are bound elements that appear as affixes, but function as incorporated nouns within verbs and as elements of compound nouns. In other words, they are similar to word roots/stems in function but similar to affixes in form. Although similar to incorporated nouns, lexical affixes differ in that they never occur as freestanding nouns, i.e. they always appear as affixes. Lexical affixes are relatively rare. The Wakashan, Salishan, and Chimakuan languages all have lexical suffixes - the presence of these is an areal feature of the Pacific Northwest of the North America. The lexical suffixes of these languages often show little to no resemblance to free nouns with similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns of Northern Straits Saanich written in the Saanich orthography and in Americanist notation: Lexical Suffix Noun -O, -aÊ” person ,EL̶TÃ?LṈEW̱ ʔəɬtelÅ‹É™xÊ· person -NÃ?T -net day SC̸IĆEL skÊ·iÄ?É™l day -SEN -sÉ™n foot, lower leg SXENE, sx̣ənəʔ foot, lower leg -Ã?WTW̱ -ewÌ•txÊ· building, house, campsite ,Ã?,LEṈ Ê”eÊ”ləŋ house Lexical suffixes when compared with free nouns often have a more generic or general meaning. For instance, one of these languages may have a lexical suffix that means water in a general sense, but it may not have any noun equivalent referring to water in general and instead have several nouns with a more specific meaning such saltwater, whitewater, etc.. In other cases, the lexical suffixes have become grammaticalized to various degrees. Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial or adjectival notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may additionally be syntactic arguments just as free nouns are and thus equating lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts 2003 gives examples of lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language the word order here is Verb Subject Object: VERB SUBJ OBJ 1 niÊ” Å¡ak'Ê·-É™t-É™s Å‚É™ sÅ‚eniÊ” Å‚É™ qeq the woman washed the baby VERB+LEX.SUFF SUBJ 2 niÊ” Å¡k'Ê·-É™yəł Å‚É™ sÅ‚eniÊ” the woman baby-washed In sentence 1, the verb wash is Å¡ak'Ê·É™tÉ™s where Å¡ak'Ê·- is the root and -É™t and -É™s are inflectional suffixes. The subject the woman is Å‚É™ sÅ‚eniÊ” and the object the baby is Å‚É™ qeq. In this sentence, the baby is a free noun. The niÊ” here is an auxiliary, which can be ignored for explanatory purposes. In sentence 2, baby does not appear as a free noun. Instead it appears as the lexical suffix -É™yəł which is affixed to the verb root Å¡k'Ê·- which has changed slightly in pronunciation, but this can also be ignored here. Note how the lexical suffix is neither the baby definite nor a baby indefinite; such referential changes are routine with incorporated nouns. See also Look up Appendix:Prefixes, Appendix:Suffixes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Agglutination Augmentative Binary prefix Clitic Concatenation Derivation Diminutive English prefixes Family name affixes Internet-related prefixes Marker linguistics Separable affix SI prefix Stemming - affix removal using computer software Unpaired word Word formation Bibliography Gerdts, Donna B. 2003. The morphosyntax of Halkomelem lexical suffixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 69 4, 345-356. Montler, Timothy. 1986. An outline of the morphology and phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish. Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 4. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory. Montler, Timothy. 1991. Saanich, North Straits Salish classified word list. Canadian Ethnology service paper No. 119; Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization. External links Comprehensive and searchable affix dictionary reference Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Affix Categories: Affixes Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Brezhoneg Чăвашла ÄŒesky Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lojban Magyar Malti Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 26 July 2008, at 23:09
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