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16-September-2008 16:15:16 - Affricate consonant Manners of articulation Obstruent Stop Affricate Fricative Sibilant Sonorant Nasal Flaps/Tap Trill Approximant Liquid Vowel Semivowel Lateral Airstreams Ejective Implosive Click This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. Help Affricate consonants begin as stops most often an alveolar, such as t or d but release as a fricative such as s or z or occasionally into a fricative trill rather than directly into the following vowel. Contents 1 Samples 2 Notation 3 Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences 4 List of affricates 4.1 Sibilant affricates 4.2 Non-sibilant affricates 4.3 Lateral affricates 4.4 Trilled affricates 4.5 Other Affricates 5 References 6 See also Samples The English sounds spelled ch and j transcribed tʃ and dÊ’ in IPA, German and Italian z ts and Italian z/ƶ dz are typical affricates. These sounds are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese. However, other than dÊ’, voiced affricates are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they aren't attested at all. Much less common are e.g. labiodental affricates, such as pÍ¡f in German, or velar affricates, such as kÍ¡x in Tswana written kg or High Alemannic Swiss German dialects depending on the dialect also uvular q͡χcitation needed. Worldwide, only a few languages have affricates in these positions, even though the corresponding stop consonants are virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative is lateral, such as the tɬ sound found in Nahuatl and Totonac. Many Athabaskan languages such as Dene Suline and Navajo have series of coronal affricates which may be unaspirated, aspirated, or ejective in addition to being interdental/dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral, i.e. t̪͡θ, t̪͡θʰ, t̪͡θ', ts, tsÊ°, ts', tʃ, tʃʰ, tʃ', tɬ, tɬʰ, and tɬ'. Affricates may also be contrasted by palatalization, as in the Erzya language, where voiceless alveolar, postalveolar and palatal affricates are contrasted. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a chroneme, as in Karelian. Notation Affricates are often represented by the two sounds they consist of e.g. pf, kx. However, single signs for the affricates may be desirable, in order to stress that they function as unitary speech segments i.e. as phonemes. In this case, the IPA recommends joining the two elements of the affricate by a tie bar e.g. pÍ¡f, kÍ¡x. Ligatures are available in Unicode for the six common affricates ʦ, Ê£, ʧ, ʤ, ʨ, and Ê¥. Another method is to indicate the release of the affricate with a superscript: tË¢, kË£. This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. In other phonetic transcription systems, such as the Americanist system, the affricates ts, dz, tʃ, dÊ’, tɬ, and dÉ® are represented as c or ¢; j, ƶ, or older Ê’; c or Ä?; Ç°, ǧ, or older ǯ; Æ›; and λ or dl respectively. Within the IPA, tʃ and dÊ’ are sometimes transcribed as palatal stops, c and ÉŸ. Affricates vs. stop-fricative sequences Affricates can contrast phonemically with stop-fricative sequences. Examples include: Polish affricate /t Í¡Ê‚/ in czysta 'clean f.' versus stop-fricative /tÊ‚/ in trzysta 'three hundred', and Klallam affricate /tÍ¡s/ in k'Ê·É™Ì?nc 'look at me' versus stop-fricative /ts/ in k'Ê·É™Ì?nts 'he looks at it'. The difference is that in the stop-fricative sequence, the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts, but in the affricate, the fricative element is the release. Stop-fricative sequences may also have a syllable boundary between the two segments, but this is not necessary. In English, /ts/ and /dz/ as in nuts and nods are considered to be sequences of a stop phoneme and a fricative phoneme even though they are phonetically affricates, because they may have a morpheme boundary in them e.g. nuts is nut + s. The English affricate phonemes /t͡ʃ/ and /dÍ¡Ê’/ do not require a morpheme boundary, and are sometimes written with the unitary symbols Ä? and Ç°, though this is not considered standard IPA notation. However, English does distinguish affricates from stop-fricative sequences: cat shit /kæt.ʃɪt/, pronounced kʰæʔʃɪtÌš catch it /kæt͡ʃ.ɪt/, pronounced kʰæt͡ʃɪtÌš Here /t/ debuccalizes to glottal stop before /ʃ/, making it phonetically distinct from /t͡ʃ/. The acoustic difference between affricates and stop+fricative sequences is rate of amplitude increase of the frication noise, which is known as the rise time. Affricates have a short rise time to the peak frication amplitude while sequences of stop and fricative have relatively longer rise time Howell Rosen 1983, Johnson 2003, Mitani et al. 2006. List of affricates In the case of coronals, the symbols t, d are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, tÍ¡Ê‚ is commonly seen for ʈ͡ʂ. For legibility, the tie bars have been removed from the table entries. The exemplar languages are ones that these sounds have been reported from, but in several cases they may need confirmation. Sibilant affricates Voiceless alveolar affricate ts in Italian, German, Hungarian, Lombard, Mayan K'iche', Japanese Voiced alveolar affricate dz in Italian, Lombard, Pashto Voiceless postalveolar affricate tÌ Êƒ in English,Spanish in both cases spelled ch Voiced postalveolar affricate dÌ Ê’ English j or soft g Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate tÌ É• in Polish, Mandarin, Thai Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate dÌ Ê‘ in Polish, Serbian Voiceless retroflex affricate ʈʂ in Ubykh and other Northwest Caucasian languages, Mandarin Voiced retroflex affricate É–Ê? in Ubykh and other Northwest Caucasian languages Non-sibilant affricates Voiceless bilabial affricate pɸ Present reportedly in Scouse English needs confirmation Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate pf in German, Teke Voiced bilabial-labiodental affricate bv in Teke needs confirmation Voiceless labiodental affricate p̪f in XiNkuna Tsonga Voiced labiodental affricate b̪v in XiNkuna Tsonga Voiceless dental affricate t̪θ in Luo, Dene Suline, some varieties of Venetian and other North Italian dialects Voiced dental affricate d̪ð in Dene Suline Voiceless alveolar nonsibilant affricate tɹÌ?ÌŠ in Mapudungun needs confirmation Voiceless palatal affricate cç in Skolt Sami, Hungarian Voiced palatal affricate ÉŸÊ? in Skolt Sami, Hungarian, some Spanish dialects Voiceless velar affricate kx in Tswana, High Alemannic German Voiceless uvular affricate qχ in Nez Percé, Wolof, Kabardian Voiceless epiglottal affricate Ê¡Êœ in Haida Lateral affricates Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate tɬ in Navaho, etc. Voiced alveolar lateral affricate dÉ® not reported to ever contrast with É® Voiceless palatal lateral affricate cʎ̥˔ also c as ejective cʎ̥˔ʼ/cʼ in Dahalo; as tʎ̥˔/t in Hadza Voiceless velar lateral affricate kÊŸÌ?ÌŠ also k as ejective kÊŸÌ?̊ʼ/kʼ in Zulu Trilled affricates Prenasalized trilled bilabial affricate mbÊ™ in Kele Voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate t̪ʙ̥ in Wari' Voiceless alveolar trilled affricate /tʳ/ in Ngkoth Voiceless retroflex trilled affricate tɽÌ?ÌŠ in Malagasy needs confirmation; a similar sound in the southern dialect of Mapudungun is reported to vary with ʈʂ. Voiced retroflex trilled affricate dɽÌ? in Malagasy needs confirmation; a similar sound in Fijian is a prenasalized postalveolar stop that seldom has a trilled release Other Affricates The more common of the voiceless affricates are all attested as ejectives as well: tθ', ts', tɬ', tʃ', tÉ•', tÊ‚', cʎ̥ʼ, kx', kÊŸÌ?ÌŠ'. Several Khoisan languages such as !Xóõ are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these may actually be consonant clusters: dts', dtʃ'. Affricates are also commonly aspirated: m̪p̪fÊ°, tθʰ, tsÊ°, tɬʰ, tʃʰ, tÉ•Ê°, tÊ‚Ê°, occasionally murmured: m̪b̪vʱ, dÌ Ê’Ê±, and sometimes prenasalized: ndz, ndzÊ°, ɳɖÊ?, ɳɖÊ?Ê°. Labialized, palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized affricates also occur. While most affricates are homorganic, Navajo and Chiricahua Apache have a heterorganic alveolar-velar affricate tx McDonough Ladefoged 1993, Hoijer Opler 1938. Other heterorganic affricates are reported for Northern Sotho Johnson 2003. References Hoijer, Harry; Opler, Morris E. 1938. Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Howell Peter; Rosen, Stuart. 1983. Production and perception of rise time in the voiceless affricate/fricative distinction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73 3, 976-984. Johnson, Keith. 2003. Acoustic auditory phonetics 2nd ed.. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26536-3 McDonough, Joyce; Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. Navajo stops. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 84, 151-164. Mitani, Shigeki; Kitama, Toshihiro; Sato, Yu. 2006. Voiceless affricate/fricative distinction by frication duration and amplitude rise slope. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120 3, 1600-1607. See also Apical consonant Laminal consonant List of phonetic topics Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Affricate_consonant Categories: AffricatesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Alemannisch Brezhoneg ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Español Français í•œêµì–´ Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 23:07
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