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16-September-2008 16:15:17 - classical element Classical Elements v d e Greek Air Water Aether Fire Earth Hinduism Tattva and Buddhism MahÄ?bhÅ«ta Vayu/Pavan Air/Wind Ap/Jala Water Akasha Aether Agni/Tejas Fire Prithvi/Bhumi Earth Japanese Godai Air/Wind 風 Water æ°´ Void/Sky/Heaven 空 Fire ç?« Earth 地 Tibetan Bön Air Water Space Fire Earth Chinese Wu Xing Fire ç?« Metal 金 Earth 土 Wood 木 Water æ°´ Medieval Alchemy Air Water Aether Fire Earth Sulphur Mercury Salt In traditional cultures, air is often seen as a universal power or pure substance. Its fundamental importance to life can be seen in words such as spirit, inspire, expire, and aspire, all derived from the Latin spirare to breathe. Contents 1 Greek and Roman Tradition 2 Indian Tradition 3 Chinese Tradition 4 In Modern Magic 4.1 Ceremonial Magic 4.2 Wicca 4.3 Astrological Personalities 5 Other Traditions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References and Further Reading 9 External links Greek and Roman Tradition Air is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. According to Plato, it is associated with the octahedron; air is considered to be both hot and wet. The ancient Greeks used two words for air: aer meant the dim lower atmosphere, and aether meant the bright upper atmosphere above the clouds.1 Plato, for instance writes that So it is with air: there is the brightest variety which we call aether, the muddiest which we call mist and darkness, and other kinds for which we have no name....2 Among the early Greek Pre-Socratic philosophers, Anaximenes mid-6th century BCE named air as the arche first principle of the world. As it grows warm and rarefied, air becomes fire; as it cools and condenses it becomes water, then earth and rock.3 A similar belief was attributed by some ancient sources to Diogenes Apolloniates late 5th century BCE, who also linked air with intelligence and soul psyche, but other sources claim that his arche was a substance between air and fire.4 Aristophanes parodied such teachings in his play The Clouds by putting a prayer to air in the mouth of Socrates. Air was one of many archai proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom tried to reduce all things to a single substance. However, Empedocles of Acragas c. 495-c. 435 BCE selected four archai for his four roots: air, fire, water, and earth. Ancient and modern opinions differ as to whether he identified air by the divine name Hera, Aidoneus, or even Zeus. Empedocles' roots became the four classical elements of Greek philosophy.5 Plato 427-347 BCE took over the four elements of Empedocles. In the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with air is the octahedron which is formed from eight equilateral triangles. This places air between fire four triangular sides and water twenty triangular sides, which Plato regarded as appropriate because it is intermediate in its mobility, sharpness, and ability to penetrate. He also said of air that its minuscule components are so smooth that one can barely feel them.6 Plato's student Aristotle 384-322 BCE developed a different explanation for the elements based on pairs of qualities. The four elements were arranged concentrically around the center of the universe to form the sublunary sphere. According to Aristotle, air is both hot and wet, and occupies a place between fire and water among the elemental spheres. Aristotle definitively separated air from aether. For him, aether was an unchanging, almost divine substance that was found only in the heavens, where it formed celestial spheres.7 In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element. Blood was the humor identified with air, since both were hot and wet. Other things associated with air and blood in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of spring, since it increased the qualities of heat and moisture; the sanguine temperament of a person dominated by the blood humour; hermaphrodite combining the masculine quality of heat with the feminine quality of moisture; and the northern point of the compass.8 Symbol for air Symbol for air The alchemical symbol for air is an upward-pointing triangle, bisected by a horizontal line. Indian Tradition Main article: Vayu In Hinduism, Vayu Sanskrit वायà¥? , also known as VÄ?ta वात, Pavana पवन meaning the Purifier9 , or PrÄ?na, is a primary deity, who is the father of Bhima and the spiritual father of Lord Hanuman. As the words for air VÄ?yu or wind Pavana it is one of the PanchamahÄ?bhuta the five great elements in Hinduism. The Sanskrit word 'VÄ?ta' literally means blown, 'VÄ?yu' blower, and 'PrÄ?na' breathing viz. the breath of life, cf. the an- in 'animate'. In Indian tradition the element Air is also linked to Shani or Saturn and the north-west direction. Chinese Tradition Air is not one of the traditional five Chinese classical elements. Nevertheless, the ancient Chinese concept of Qi or chi is believed to be close to that of air. Qi spelled in Mandarin Pinyin romanization, pronounced IPA: tÉ•Ê°i, also ch'i in Wade-Giles romanization or ki in Japanese romanization, is a fundamental concept of traditional Chinese culture. Qi is believed to be part of every living thing that exists, as a kind of life force or spiritual energy. It is frequently translated as energy flow, or literally as air or breath. For example, tiÄ?nqì, literally sky breath, is the ordinary Chinese word for weather. In Mandarin Chinese it is pronounced something like chee in English, but the tongue position is different. See Media:Difficult Sounds.GIF. The concept of qi is often reified, however no scientific evidence supports its existence. The element air also appears as a concept in the Buddhist religion, which has an ancient history in China. Some modern occultists equate the Chinese classical element of wood with air.10 In Modern Magic Ceremonial Magic The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, founded in 1888, combined ideas from many different sources including Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, the angelic system of 16th-century magician John Dee and his assistant Edward Kelley, Hermetic Qabalah, and recent archaeological discoveries of Egyptian and Greco-Roman magic and religion.11 Thus air and the other Greek classical elements were incorporated into the Golden Dawn system despite being considered obsolete by modern science. Theoricus 2=9 is the elemental grade attributed to air; this grade is also attributed to the Moon and the Qabalistic sphere Yesod.12 The elemental weapon of air is the dagger, which must be painted yellow with magical names and sigils written upon it in violet.13 Each of the elements has several associated spiritual beings. The archangel of air is Raphael, the angel is Chassan, the ruler is Aral, the king is Paralda, and the air elementals following Paracelsus are called sylphs.14 Air is considered to be active; it is represented by the Man and the symbol for Aquarius, and it is referred to the upper left point of the pentagram in the Supreme Invoking Ritual of the Pentagram.15 Many of these associations have since spread throughout the occult community. In the Golden Dawn and many other magical systems, each element is associated with one of the cardinal points and is placed under the care of guardian Watchtowers. The Watchtowers derive from the Enochian system of magic founded by Dee. In the Golden Dawn, they are represented by the Enochian elemental tablets.16 Air is associated with the east, which is guarded by the First Watchtower.17 Wicca Air is one of the four elements appears in many neopagan traditions. Wicca in particular was influenced by the Golden Dawn system of magic, and Aleister Crowley's mysticism, which was in turn inspired by the Golden Dawn.18 Common Wiccan attributions include: The cardinal direction of east. Yellow, or pastel colors. Some associate air with green or even a light blue. The wand or the athame. Woodwind instruments. The suit of Swords in the Minor Arcana of tarot. Some Wiccans associate air with the suit of Wands, as the ritual wand is often associated with air. Mind, intellect, consciousness, study, communication. The alchemic notion of Azoth. Sunrise, childhood, spring, beginnings. Incense. Birds, insects, flying creatures. Masculine energy. Many gods and goddesses, including Aradia, Athena, Hermes, Mercury, Nuit, Shu, Thoth, and Zeus. Astrological Personalities People born under the astrological signs of Libra, Gemini and Aquarius are thought to have dominant air personalities. Air personalities tend to be kind, smart, and helpful. They also have a dark side.citation needed Other Traditions Enlil was the god of air in ancient Sumer. Shu was the ancient Egyptian god of air and the husband of Tefnut, goddess of moisture. He became an emblem of strength by virtue of his role in separating Nut sky from Geb earth. He played a primary role in the Coffin Texts, which were spells intended to help the deceased reach the realm of the afterlife safely. On the way to the sky, the spirit had to travel through the air, as one spell indicates: I have gone up in Shu, I have climbed on the sunbeams.19 In East Asia, wood is sometimes seen as the equivalent of air and is represented by the Azure Dragon, known as é?’é¾? QÄ«ng Lóng in Chinese, Seiryuu in Japanese and Cheong-ryong ì²ë£¡, Hanja:é?‘é¾? in Korean. Air is represented in the Aztec religion by a snake; to the Scythians, a yoke; to the Hindus and Greeks, a swordcitation needed; and in Christian iconography, as mankind. See also Earth's atmosphere Deities of the sky Notes ^ W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 466, 470-71. ^ Plato, Timaeus, ch. 27, p. 83. ^ Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 115-16, 120-32; Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy, pp. 77-80. ^ Guthrie, vol. 2, pp. 362-81; Barnes, pp. 289-94. ^ Guthrie, vol. 2, pp. 138-46. Guthrie suggests that Hera is the safest identification for air. ^ Plato, Timaeus, chap. 22-23; Gregory Vlastos, Plato's Universe, pp. 66-82. ^ G. E. R. Lloyd, Aristotle, chapters 7-8. ^ Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?, p. 162. ^ The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen p. 68 ^ Donald Michael Kraig, Modern Magick, p. 115. ^ Ronald Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, pp. 72-83. ^ Israel Regardie, The Golden Dawn, pp. 154-65. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p.322; Kraig, Modern Magick, pp. 149-53. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p. 80. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, pp. 280-286; Kraig, Modern Magick, pp. 206-209. ^ Doreen Valiente, The Rebirth of Witchcraft, p. 64. ^ Regardie, Golden Dawn, p. 631. ^ Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, pp. 216-23; Valiente, Witchcraft for Tomorrow, p. 17. ^ Bob Brier, Ancient Egyptian Magic, p.128. References and Further Reading Barnes, Jonathan. Early Greek Philosophy. London: Penguin, 1987. Brier, Bob. Ancient Egyptian Magic. New York: Quill, 1980. Guthrie, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy. 6 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962-81. Cunningham, Scott. Earth, Air, Fire and Water: More Techniques of Natural Magic. Hutton, Ronald. Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 2001. Kraig, Donald Michael. Modern Magick: Eleven Lessons in the High Magickal Arts. St. Paul: Llewellyn, 1994. Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Plato. Timaeus and Critias. Translated by Desmond Lee. Revised ion. London: Penguin, 1977. Regardie, Israel. The Golden Dawn. 6th ion. St. Paul: Llewellyn, 1990. Schiebinger, Londa. The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. Starhawk. The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. 3rd ion. 1999. Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. Custer, Wash.: Phoenix Publishing, 1978. Valiente, Doreen. The Rebirth of Witchcraft. Custer, Wash.: Phoenix Publishing, 1989. Vlastos, Gregory. Plato's Universe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975. External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Air The elements Elemental correspondences from Wicca: For the rest of us. The Four Elements In the Western Tradition Essay on Golden Dawn elemental tradition by V.N. Frater I.C.L. The Elements:Air Neo-pagan version of The Ancient Greek Esoteric Doctrine of the Elements by John Opsopaus. Different versions of the classical elements Overview the 5 elements Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Air_classical_element Categories: Classical elements | Water | Numerology | Esoteric cosmology | History of astrology | Technical factors of astrology | Obsolete scientific theoriesHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since July 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Español Português This page was last modified on 7 August 2008, at 16:11
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