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16-September-2008 16:15:17 - Quality Index Redirected from Air quality Pollution v d e Air pollution Acid rain Air Quality Index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Global dimming Global warming Indoor air quality Ozone depletion Particulate Smog Water pollution Eutrophication Hypoxia Marine pollution Marine debris Ocean acidification Oil spill Ship pollution Surface runoff Thermal pollution Wastewater Waterborne diseases Water quality Water stagnation Soil contamination Bioremediation Herbicide Pesticide Soil Guideline Values SGVs Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Invasive species Light pollution Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Montreal Protocol Kyoto Protocol CLRTAP OSPAR Major organizations DEFRA EPA Global Atmosphere Watch EEA Greenpeace American Lung Association Related topics Environmental Science Natural environment An air quality measurement station in Edinburgh, Scotland An air quality measurement station in Edinburgh, Scotland The Air Quality Index AQI is a standardized indicator of the air quality in a given location. It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates except the pollen count, but may also include sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Various agencies around the world measure such indices, though definitions may change between places. The United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA and the Meteorological Service of Canada MSC differ on what AQI structure and health classification is used: Health classifications used by the EPA: 0-50 Good is usually green 51-100 Moderate is usually yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange 151-200 Unhealthy is usually red 201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple 301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon The EPA's AQI 100 corresponds to 0.08 ppm ozone, and to other levels for other pollutants. Source: EPA The AQI standards in Canada are relatively more stringent. The current health classifications used by the Meteorological Service of Canada MSC are as follows: 0-25: Good green 26-50: Fair yellow 51-100: Poor orange 101+: Very poor red In Ontario, 31 is the upper limit for good and 32 the lower limit for moderate. Zero to 15 is classified as very good, and is given the color blue. In June 2007, the EPA proposed a slight possible tightening of the pollution standards associated with smog after an independent EPA scientific board said that the standard needs to be substantially reduced and that there is no scientific justification for retaining the current, weaker standard. 1 In light of the new scientific findings, one should expect adjustments in the AQI such that pollution currently denoted as moderate will in the future be recognized as unhealthy. The AQI can worsen go up due to lack of dilution with fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area. On these days, the news media may ask the public to carpool or use public transport, or take other air pollution prevention measures such as teleworking. Contents 1 Other Indices 1.1 Hong Kong 1.2 Malaysia 1.3 Singapore 1.4 United Kingdom 1.5 United States 2 Notes 3 Air quality by country or region 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Other Indices Hong Kong Main article: Air Pollution Index The Air Pollution Index API levels for Hong Kong are related to the measured concentrations of ambient respirable suspended particulate RSP, sulfur dioxide SO2, carbon monoxide CO, ozone O3 and nitrogen dioxide NO2 over a 24-hour period based on the potential health effects of air pollutants. An API level at or below 100 means that the pollutant levels are in the satisfactory range over 24 hour period and pose no acute or immediate health effects. However, air pollution consistently at High levels API of 51 to 100 in a year may mean that the annual Hong Kong Air Quality Objectives for protecting long-term health effects could be violated. Therefore, chronic health effects may be observed if one is persistently exposed to an API of 51 to 100 for a long time. Very High levels API in excess of 100 means that levels of one or more pollutants is/are in the unhealthy range. The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department provides advice to the public regarding precautionary actions to take for such levels. A blog at http://www.brezhnev.net/beijing-air-pollution-indices/ compares the API in China and Hong Kong and indicates how China's API index is somewhat misleading. API Air Pollution Level Health Implications 0 - 25 Low None expected. 26 - 50 Medium None expected for the general population. 51 - 100 High Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if one is persistently exposed to such levels. 100 - 200 Very High People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some discomfort. 201 - 500 Severe People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant aggravation of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in the healthy population e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore throats. Malaysia Main article: Air Pollution Index The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m³. Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector. For more information on the API reading please go here http://www.doe.gov.my/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=188Itemid=370lang=en Singapore Singapore uses the Pollutant Standards Index to report on its air quality. 1 United Kingdom The Met Office of the United Kingdom UK issues air quality forecasts wherein the level of pollution is described either as an index ranging from 1 to 10 or as a banding low, moderate, high or very high. These levels are based on the health effects of each pollutant. Index Banding Health Effect 1 - 3 Low Effects are unlikely to be noticed even by individuals who know they are sensitive to air pollutants. 4-6 Moderate Mild effects, unlikely to require action, may be noticed amongst sensitive individuals. 7-9 High Significant effects may be noticed by sensitive individuals and action to avoid or reduce these effects may be needed e.g. reducing exposure by spending less time in polluted areas outdoors. Asthmatics will find that their 'reliever' inhaler is likely to reverse the effects on the lung. 10 Very High The effects on sensitive individuals described for 'High' levels of pollution may worsen. The forecast is produced for a number of different pollutants and their typical health effects are shown in the following table. Pollutant Health Effects at High Level Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Sulphur dioxide These gases irritate the airways of the lungs, increasing the symptoms of those suffering from lung diseases. Particulates Fine particles can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and a worsening of heart and lung diseases United States The United States Environment Protection Agency USEPA developed the Pollutant Standards Index PSI to provide accurate, timely and easily understandable information about daily levels of air pollution. It is no longer in use, having been replaced by the AQI, which is more sensitive. For example, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometres PM2.5 is a sub index, replacing the less sensitive PM10 component of the PSI. Notes In the context of this article about air quality: ppmv = parts per million by volume = volume of pollutant gas per million volumes of ambient air PM10 = particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in diameter μg/m³ = micrograms per cubic metre of ambient air μm = micrometre The air quality in the United States has improved dramatically over 23 years. Air quality by country or region British Columbia Hong Kong See also Air pollution Air Pollution Index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Barbecue Grilling Emission standard European emission standards Haze Indoor air quality National Ambient Air Quality Standards - U.S. standards for EPA intervention Pollutant Standards Index Smog References ^ Air Quality - American Lung Association site External links AQI at airnow.gov - cross-agency U.S. Government site New Mexico Air Quality and API data - Example of how New Mexico Environment Department publishes their Air Quality and API data. AQI at Meteorological Service of Canada The pollution index of the UK Met Office API at JAS Malaysian Department of Environment API at Hong Kong - Environmental Protection Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region San Francisco Bay Area Spare-the-Air - AQI explanation Malaysia Air Pollution Index AQI in Thailand provinces and in Bangkok The American Lung Association declares EPA standards fall short. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Air_Quality_Index Categories: Atmosphere | Standards | Air pollution Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Suomi This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 17:4
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