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16-September-2008 16:15:17 - Alcatraz Island Redirected from Alcatraz For other uses, see Alcatraz disambiguation. Alcatraz Island Alcatraz Island in 2005 Alcatraz Island in 2005 Location San Francisco Bay, California, USA Nearest city San Francisco, California Coordinates 37°49'36N 122°25'24W / 37.82667, -122.42333Coordinates: 37°49'36N 122°25'24W / 37.82667, -122.42333 Area 18.86 acres 7.63 ha Established 1934 Governing body National Park Service Alcatraz Island, sometimes informally referred to as simply Alcatraz or by its pop-culture name, The Rock, is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay in California, United States. It served as a lighthouse, then a military fortification, then a military prison followed by a federal prison until 1963. It became a national recreation area in 1972 and received landmarking designations in 1976 and 1986. Today, the island is a historic site operated by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and is open to tours. Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33, near Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco. Contents 1 History 1.1 Military history 1.2 Prison history 1.2.1 Military prison 1.2.2 Federal prison 1.2.3 Escape attempts 1.2.4 Famous inmates 2 Post Prison Years 2.1 Native American occupation 2.2 Landmarking and Development 2.3 Man made features 2.4 Natural features 2.4.1 Habitats 2.4.2 Vegetation 3 Proposed Peace Center 4 See also 5 References 6 See also 7 External links History Alcatraz Island in 1850 or 1851, prior to development. Alcatraz Island in 1850 or 1851, prior to development. The first Spaniard to discover the island was Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775, who charted San Francisco Bay and named the island La Isla de los Alcatraces, which is traditionally interpreted as Island of the Pelicans.1234 56 The United States Census Bureau defines the island as Block 1067, Block Group 1, Census Tract 179.02 of San Francisco County, California. There was no population on the island as of the 2000 census.7 It is home to the now-abandoned prison, the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the west coast of the United States, early military fortifications, and natural features such as rock pools, a seabird colony mostly Western Gulls, cormorants, and egrets, and unique views of the coastline. Military history A model of Military Point Alcatraz, 1866-1868, now on display on Alcatraz Island A model of Military Point Alcatraz, 1866-1868, now on display on Alcatraz Island The earliest recorded owner of the island of Alcatraz is one Julian Workman, to whom it was given by Mexican governor Pio Pico in June 1846 with the understanding that the former would build a lighthouse on it. Julian Workman is the baptismal name of William Workman, co-owner of Rancho La Puente and personal friend of Pio Pico. Later that same year John C. Fremont bought the island for $5000 in the name of the United States government, who subsequently wrested control from Fremont after a legal battle. 2 Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 which ended the Mexican-American War, and the onset of the California Gold Rush the following year, the U.S. Army began studying the suitability of Alcatraz Island for the positioning of coastal batteries to protect the approaches to San Francisco Bay. In 1853, under the direction of Zealous B. Tower, the Corps of Engineers began fortifying the island, work which continued until 1858. The island's first garrison, numbering about 200 soldiers, arrived at the end of that year. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861 the island mounted 85 cannon increased to 105 by 1866 in casemates around its perimeter, though the small size of the garrison meant only a fraction of the guns could be used at one time. Alcatraz never fired its guns in anger, though during the war it was used to imprison Confederate sympathizers on the west coast.3 Following the war in 1866 the army determined that the fortifications and guns were being rapidly rendered obsolete by advances in military technology. Modernization efforts, including an ambitious plan to level the entire island and construct shell-proof underground magazines and tunnels, were undertaken between 1870 and 1876 but never completed the so called parade ground on the southern tip of the island represents the extent of the flattening effort.8 Instead the army switched the focus of its plans for Alcatraz from coastal defense to detention, a task for which it was well suited because of its isolation. In 1867 a brick jailhouse was built previously inmates had been kept in the basement of the guardhouse, and in 1868 Alcatraz was officially designated a long-term detention facility for military prisoners. Among those incarcerated at Alcatraz were some Hopi Native American men in the 1870s.9 On March 21, 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated as the Western US Military Prison. In 1909 construction began on the huge concrete main cell block, designed by Major Reuben Turner, which remains the island's dominant feature. It was completed in 1912. In order to accommodate the new cell block, the Citadel, a three-story barracks, was demolished down to the first floor, which was actually below ground level. The building had been constructed in an excavated pit creating a dry moat to enhance its defensive potential. The first floor was then incorporated as a basement to the new cell block, giving rise to the popular legend of dungeons below the main cell block. During the First World War the prison held conscientious objectors, including Philip Grosser, who wrote a pamphlet entitled 'Uncle Sam's Devil's Island' about his experiences.10 Prison history Military prison Alcatraz Island, 1895 Alcatraz Island, 1895 Due to its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, hazardous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners as early as 1861. In 1898, the Spanish-American war would increase the prison population from 26 to over 450. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, civilian prisoners were transferred to Alcatraz for safe confinement. By 1912 there was a large cellhouse, and in the 1920s a large 3-story structure was nearly at full capacity. 11 Federal prison The United States Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933, and the island became a federal prison in August 1934. During the 29 years it was in use, the jail held such notable criminals as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud the Birdman of Alcatraz, James Whitey Bulger and Alvin Karpis, who served more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate. It also provided housing for the Bureau of Prison staff and their families. United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island Location: San Francisco Bay, California Coordinates: 37°49'36N 122°25'24W / 37.82667, -122.42333 Status: Closed Museum Security class: Maximum Capacity: 312 Opened: January 1, 1934 Closed: March 21, 1963 Managed by: Department of Justice Escape attempts View of San Francisco from Alcatraz Island View of San Francisco from Alcatraz Island Main article: Alcatraz escape attempts During its 29 years of operation, the penitentiary claimed no prisoners as having ever successfully escaped. 36 prisoners were involved in 14 attempts, two men trying twice; seven were shot and killed, two drowned, June 11, 1962 in one of the most intricate escapes ever devised. Behind the prisoners' cells in Cell Block B where the escapees were interned was an unguarded 3-foot 0.91 m wide utility corridor. The prisoners chiseled away the moisture-damaged concrete from around an air vent leading to this corridor, using tools such as a metal spoon soldered with silver from a dime and an electric drill improvised from a stolen vacuum cleaner motor. The noise was disguised by accordions played during music hour, and their progress was concealed by false walls which, in the dark recesses of the cells, fooled the guards. The interior of a regular cell in the row known as Broadway. The interior of a regular cell in the row known as Broadway. The escape route then led up through a fan vent; the fan and motor had been removed and replaced with a steel grille, leaving a shaft large enough for a prisoner to climb through. Stealing a carborundum cord from the prison workshop, the prisoners had removed the rivets from the grille and substituted dummy rivets made of soap. The escapees also stole several raincoats to use as a raft for the trip to the mainland. Leaving papier-mâché dummies in their cells with paint brush bristles as hair, they escaped. The prisoners are estimated to have entered San Francisco Bay at 10 p.m. The official investigation by the FBI was aided by another prisoner, Allen West, who also was part of the escapees' group but was left behind West's false wall kept slipping so he held it into place with cement, which set; when the Anglin brothers John Clarence accelerated the schedule, West desperately chipped away at the wall but by the time he did his companions were gone. Articles belonging to the prisoners including plywood paddles and parts of the raincoat raft were located on nearby Angel Island, and the official report on the escape says the prisoners drowned while trying to reach the mainland in the cold waters of the bay. Alcatraz, as viewed from San Francisco Alcatraz, as viewed from San Francisco Famous inmates Robert Stroud, who was better known to the public as the Birdman of Alcatraz, was transferred to Alcatraz in 1942. He spent the next seventeen years on the Rock - six years in segregation in D Block, and eleven years in the prison hospital. In 1959 he was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield. When Al Capone arrived on Alcatraz in 1934, prison officials made it clear that he would not be receiving any preferential treatment. While serving his time in Atlanta, Capone, a master manipulator, had continued running his rackets from behind bars by buying off guards. Big Al generated incredible media attention while on Alcatraz though he served just four and a half years of his sentence there before developing symptoms of syphilis and being transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in Los Angeles. George Machine Gun Kelly arrived on September 4, 1934. At Alcatraz, Kelly was constantly boasting about several robberies and murders that he had never committed. Although this was said to be an apparent point of frustration for several fellow prisoners, Warden Johnson considered him a model inmate. Kelly was returned to Leavenworth in 1951. James 'Whitey' Bulger spent 3 years on Alcatraz 1959-1962 while serving a sentence for bank robbery. While there, he became close to Clarence Carnes, also known as the Choctaw Kid. Post Prison Years Alcatraz U.S. National Historic Landmark Flowers on Alcatraz. In the background is the Warden's Home, destroyed by fire during the Indian occupation. Flowers on Alcatraz. In the background is the Warden's Home, destroyed by fire during the Indian occupation. Location: San Francisco, California Built/Founded: 1847 Architect: U.S. Army,Bureau of Prisons; U.S. Army Architectural styles: Mission/Spanish Revival Designated as NHL: January 17, 198612 Added to NRHP: June 23, 197613 NRHP Reference#: 76000209 Governing body: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE By decision of US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the penitentiary was closed for good on March 21, 1963. It was closed because it was far more expensive to operate than other prisons nearly $10 per prisoner per day, as opposed to $3 per prisoner per day at Atlanta,14 half a century of salt water saturation had severely eroded the buildings, and the bay was being badly polluted by the sewage from the approximately 250 inmates and 60 Bureau of Prisons families on the island. The United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, a new, traditional land-bound prison opened that same year to serve as a replacement for Alcatraz. Brandt's Cormorant nesting on Alcatraz Island Brandt's Cormorant nesting on Alcatraz Island Native American occupation Main article: Occupation of Alcatraz In 1969, a group of Native Americans from many different tribes many individual Native Americans relocated to the Bay Area under the Federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, occupied the island, and proposed an education center, ecology center and cultural center. According to the occupants, the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 between the U.S. and the Sioux returned all retired, abandoned or out-of-use federal land to the Native people from whom it was acquired. During the occupation, several buildings were damaged or destroyed by fires, including the recreation hall, the Coast Guard quarter and the Warden's home. The origins of the fires is unknown. A number of other buildings mostly apartments were destroyed by the US Government after the occupation had ended. After 18 months of occupation, the government forced the occupiers off. But the end of the Termination policy and the new policy of self-determination were established in 1970, in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupation. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation is still visible at many locations on the island.4 California slender salamander California slender salamander Landmarking and Development The entire Alcatraz Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976,13 and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.1215 In 1993, the National Park Service published a plan entitled Alcatraz Development Concept and Environmental Assessment. This plan, approved in 1980, doubled the amount of Alcatraz accessible to the public to enable visitors to enjoy its scenery and bird, marine, and animal life, such as the California slender salamander.16 Today American Indian groups, the International Indian Treaty Council, for example, hold ceremonies on the island. The most notable of these are on Columbus Day and Thanksgiving Day when they hold a Sunrise Gathering. In 2006, the Park Service awarded the ferry contract to Hornblower Yachts ferry operator Alcatraz Cruises. Because Hornblower does not employ union labor, there have been protests for several months and several demonstrations with nearly 1,000 participants.citation needed Man made features The parade grounds. Carved from the hillside during the late 19th century and covered with rubble since the government demolished guard housing in 1971, the area has become a habitat and breeding ground for black-crowned night herons, western gulls, slender salamanders and deer mice. The Agave Path, a trail named for its dense growth of agave. Located atop a shoreline bulkhead on the south side, it provides a nesting habitat for night herons. Natural features Habitats Cisterns. A bluff that, because of its moist crevices, is believed to be an important site for California slender salamanders. Cliff tops at the island's north end. Containing a onetime manufacturing building and a plaza, the area is listed as important to nesting and roosting birds. The powerhouse area. A steep embankment where native grassland and creeping wild rye support a habitat for deer mice. Tide pools. A series of them, created by long-ago quarrying activities, contains still-unidentified invertebrate species and marine algae. They form one of the few tide-pool complexes in the Bay, according to the report. Western cliffs and cliff tops. Rising to heights of nearly 100 feet 30 m, they provide nesting and roosting sites for sea birds including pigeon guillemots, cormorants, Heermann's gulls and western gulls. Harbor seals can occasionally be seen on a small beach at the base. A panorama of Alcatraz as viewed from San Francisco Bay, facing east. Sather Tower and UC Berkeley are visible in the background on the right. A panorama of Alcatraz as viewed from San Francisco Bay, facing east. Sather Tower and UC Berkeley are visible in the background on the right. Vegetation Historic gardens. Planted by prison guards' families, they are now overgrown and have also become a bird nesting habitat. Proposed Peace Center Artist's concept of the proposed Alcatraz Artist's concept of the proposed Alcatraz The Global Peace Foundation proposed to raze the prison and build a peace center in its place. During the previous year, supporters collected 10,350 signatures that placed it on the presidential primary ballots in San Francisco for February 5, 2008.17The proposed plan is estimated at $1 billion. In order for the plan to pass, Congress would have to take Alcatraz out of the National Park Service. Critics of the plan say that Alcatraz is too rich in history to be destroyed.18 On February 6, 2008, the Alcatraz Island Global Peace Center Proposition C failed to pass, with 72% of voters rejecting the proposition.19 See also Alcatraz Island in popular culture References ^ Alcatraz Island, USGS Geographic Names Information System ^ The March of Portolá and the Log of the San Carlos - Zoeth S. Eldredge E. J. Molera - Log of the San Carlos ^ The History of Alcatraz Island ^ History: Military Fortress ^ BOP: Alcatraz ^ Alcatraz Island - History Culture U.S. National Park Service ^ Block 1067, Block Group 1, Census Tract 179.02, San Francisco County United States Census Bureau. ^ Alcatraz Preservation Project: Exposing the Layers of An American Landmark pamphlet, Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, 2003. ^ The most painful story of resistance to assimilation programs and compulsory school attendance laws involved the Hopis in Arizona, who surrendered a group of men to the military rather than voluntarily relinquish their children. The Hopi men served time in federal prison at Alcatraz.Child, Brenda J. February 2000. Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940. University of Nebraska Press, p. 13. ISBN 0-8032-6405-4. ^ Grosser, P., Block, H., Blackwell, A. S., Berkman, A. 1933. Uncle Sam's Devil's Island: experiences of a conscientious objector in America during the World War. Boston, Mass: Published by a Group of friends. 1 ^ A Brief History of Alcatraz Island ^ a b Alcatraz Island. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. ^ a b National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service 2007-01-23. ^ A Brief History of Alcatraz, p.5 ^ Stephen A. Haller April 15, 1985, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Alcatraz Island / La Isla de los Alcatraces / Fort Alcatraz / The Post at Alcatraz / Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison / U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz Island / United States Penitentiary ad Alcatraz IslandPDF 1.68 MiB, National Park Service and Accompanying 18 photos, exterior and interior, from 1985, 1980, and undated.PDF 1.86 MiB ^ Adams, Gerald D. July 27, 1993 San Francisco Examiner. Alcatraz Proposal Highlights Wildlife Plan Would Open Up More of Rock. News section, pg. A1. ^ Voters consider changing Alcatraz to peace center | U.S. | Reuters ^ LJWorld.com / Activist wants to transform Alcatraz into global peace center ^ Local and National Politics - Democratic, Republicans News, Elections and Results | KNTV Bay Area - NBC 11 See also The General Frank M. Coxe ship served as an Army transport vessel and later a cruise ship on San Francisco Bay. It served as a ferry to and from Angel Island and Alcatraz, during and before the Federal Prison period. It is now preserved as a floating restaurant in Burlingame, California, just south of San Francisco. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcatraz Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alcatraz Island National Park Service - Alcatraz Official Website Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Federal Bureau of Prisons - A Brief History of Alcatraz California State Military Museum - Post at Alcatraz Island Alphabetical Index of Former Inmates of U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz, 1934-63 from Records of the Bureau of Prisons Video about Visiting Alcatraz Report on the 1962 escape incident from the FBI's FOIA electronic reading room AlcatrazHistory.com Map of Alcatraz with marker pictures. 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